Introduction to Radical Anions

Meanwhile, photogenerated holes (h+) and superoxide radical anions \((^{\cdot} {\text{O}}_{2}^{-})\) were found to be the dominant degrading species during active species studies, and a possible mechanism for the photocatalytic degradation of CIP over BiOBr/Bi2O3-60 composite photocatalyst has been proposed.

Photogenerated holes (h+) and superoxide radical anions (•O2–) were found to be the main active species.

The elimination of superoxide radical anions (O2•−) by 5-amino-2-hydroxybenzoic acid (mesalazine, 5-ASA), 4-amino-2-hydroxybenzoic acid (4-ASA), and related compounds used for ulcerative colitis treatment was investigated using cyclic voltammetry and electron spin resonance (ESR) analyses aided by density functional theory (DFT) calculations.

We embed different variants of equation-of-motion coupledcluster singles and doubles (EOM-CCSD) theory in density functional theory and investigate electronically excited states of valence, Rydberg, and charge-transfer character, valenceand core-ionized states, as well as bound and temporary radical anions.

Mechanistic studies, including cyclic voltammetry (CV), electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), and divided-cell experiments, support the generation of aliphatic ketyl radicals and persistent heteroaryl radical anions via cathodic reduction followed by radical-radical cross-coupling.

The obtained composite was active in decomposition of both superoxide radical anions and hydrogen peroxide in biochemical assays revealing that the strong electrostatic interaction with the functionalized support led to high enzyme loadings, nevertheless, it did not interfere with the native enzyme conformation.

A plausible photocatalytic degradation mechanism involving hydroxyl radicals, superoxide radical anions and singlet oxygen species was also proposed.

This radical is stabilized in neat FEC, whereas the ring opens to form more stable radical anions when FEC is a solute in other solvents, as confirmed by quantum chemistry calculations.

In doing so, we demonstrated that (1) the nature of the alkynyl substituents has little influence over the UV-vis absorption properties of the title complexes, but does affect the potentials at which they are electrochemically oxidized and reduced, (2) dialkynylborane formazanate complexes can be converted to stable radical anions by chemical reduction with cobaltocene derivatives, and (3) copper-assisted alkyne-azide cycloaddition chemistry at the alkynyl substituents directly bound to boron can be used to elaborate structural diversity.

Then Au@HKUST-1could play the part of effective catalyst to accelerate the electrochemical reduction process of S2O82-to produce more sulfate radical anions (SO4•-), thus the ECL signal of the compound was noticeably raised by 2.

HKUST-1 exhibited an excellent catalytic effect towards the electrochemical reduction process of S2O82-, thus allowing more sulfate radical anions (SO4˙-) to be generated.

Their electrochemical reduction in cyclic voltammetry experiments proceed as two-step single-electron transfer process to form radical anions R–Th•– (at −1.

Moreover, D–π–A systems 1–3 were investigated towards their ability to form radical anions.

The more reactive of the imides form the corresponding radical anions cleanly, but kinetic isotope studies using N-DMBI-D indicate that the reaction proceeds via an initial hydride- or hydrogen-transfer step.

Carbon- and silicon-based n-type materials tend to suffer from instability of the corresponding radical anions.

This work describes the synthesis of PCBM ([6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester) derivatives and other methanofullerene derivatives via generation of fullerene radical anions under photoirradiation and controlled by photoswitching, without preparation, a strong reducing agent, or precise control of the reaction conditions.

Consequently, we propose a possible dual-redox cycles mechanism involving photoexcited fullerene radical anions and I radical species in self- n -doped fullerene ammonium iodide aggregate to exhibit sustainable aPDI activity.

0 mg/L SPC can still suppress the harmful cyanobacteria in the bottom water after 36 h because the carbonate ion generated by SPC decomposition can act as an activator of H2O2 to generate many reactive oxygen species - including superoxide radicals, carbonate radical anions, and hydroxyl radicals - even in the light-limited environment.

The in situ formed CuII/L-CO3 complex in the the presence of ultrasound generated CuI/L species as activators for ATRP and carbonate radical anions.

This strategy is enabled by an endergonic electron transfer event which provides access to arene radical anions that lie outside of the catalyst reduction potential.

Joseph Chatt was the first to discover in the early 1960s that previously unknown transition metal compounds were accessible and isolable via the reactions of alkali metal arene radical anions with transition metal precursors containing good leaving groups, such as weakly basic neutral or anionic ligands, especially halides.

Three perylenediimide derivatives were reduced to their persistent radical anions in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) under ambient conditions by a visible light photoinduced electron transfer (PET).

Secondly, we describe the success of N-heteroacenes and N-heteroarenes in organic electronic devices; specifically, the use of symmetrical halogenated tetraazapentacenes as superb n-channel transistor materials with air stable and persistent radical anions as charge carriers; we discuss the structural reason for their success.

Combining IR spectroscopy in the presence of CO and EPR spectroscopy, we found that the intrinsic Cu(I) defects of the host react with the guest forming TCNQ radical anions.

The interaction of manganese(ii) phthalocyanine with 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane and its perfluoro derivative proceeds with the oxidation of Mn and the reduction of the acceptor molecules to give the first mixed single crystals of manganese(iii) phthalocyanine with TCNQ/F4-TCNQ radical anions.

Copper oxide centers are obtained via reactions of molecular oxygen with copper hydride centers, species containing carbon dioxide radical anions as ligands or a Cu(0) center.

Understanding the intrinsic properties of the hydrated carbon dioxide radical anions CO2.

The fluorinated substrates would undergo single-electron reduction by electron-rich CO2 radical anions, which are generated in situ from CO2 via sequential hydride-transfer reduction and hydrogen-atom-transfer processes.

We also show that electrocatalysis of CO2 reduction in the electrolyte is facilitated by stabilization of CO2 radical anions by the imidazolium cations of the IL and buffer-like effects with bicarbonate.

In the present research, a series of asymmetrical naphthalene diimide derivatives (NDIs), which display interesting multiple external stimuli responsiveness including ultrafast photochromism and chemical stimulation chromism, with the generations of organic radical anions and charge transfer, were obtained by simple synthetic process.

According to the data of measuring the temperature dependence of the magnetic susceptibility, the antiferromagnetic exchange between unpaired electrons of the organic radical anions is observed in crystals of the synthesized compounds.

However, in the HATCN CL device, it is expected that formation of aromatic radical anions [HAT(CN)6]•− and dianions [HAT(CN)6]2−, and/or band bending of fermi energy of the HATCN at the interface of the thin Ag layer, results in the observed degraded performance.

Here, nitrogen-containing aromatic radical anions were tested for the ability to conduct proton or electron transfer by their reaction with the ubiquitin [M + 13H]+13 precursor.

A detailed investigation of possible mechanisms for self-degradation of radical anions formed by addition of solvated electron to DNAN, NTO, and NQ species was performed by computational study using the PCM(Pauling)/M06-2X/6-311++G(d,p) approach.

This was achieved by relying on paramagnetic semiquinone radical anions formed electrochemically or by photoredox catalysis.

The TENI analogues having substituents on the naphthalene ring provide important evidence, suggesting that the colorimetric chemical species were radical anions generated via photo-induced electron transfer from carboxylate to the naphthalimide derivative.

This behavior was ascribed to the faster charge recombination in the presence of the radical anions generated after hole extraction.