Introduction to Polycomb Group

Herein, we report that the Polycomb group protein BMI1 is enriched at heterochromatin regions containing putative G4 DNA sequences, and that G4 structures accumulate in cells with reduced BMI1 expression and/or relaxed chromatin, including sporadic Alzheimer’s disease (AD) neurons.

Polycomb group (PcG) proteins are epigenetic regulators that facilitate both embryonic development and cancer progression.

Although it is well established that the Polycomb Group (PcG) complexes maintain gene repression through the incorporation of H2AK121ub and H3K27me3, little is known about the effect of these modifications on chromatin accessibility, which is fundamental to understand PcG function.

Polycomb group (PcG) proteins play a crucial role in the maintenance of cell identity and in developmental regulation.

The polycomb group (PcG) protein enhancer of zeste homologue 2 (Ezh2), a histone lysine methyltransferase is associated with epigenetic regulation of numerous cellular processes, it is not yet clear on its involvement in bone cell development and homeostasis.

BAP1 is an ubiquitin hydrolase whose deubiquitinase activity is mediated by polycomb group-like protein ASXL2.

Polycomb group (PcG) proteins, which are important epigenetic regulators, play essential roles in the regulatory networks involved in plant growth, development, and environmental stress responses.

The Polycomb group (PcG) complex PRC1 localizes in the nucleus in the form of condensed structures called Polycomb bodies.

Polycomb group (PcG) proteins form multiprotein complexes that affect stem cell identity and fate decisions by still largely unexplored mechanisms.

Polycomb group (PcG) of proteins are a group of highly conserved epigenetic regulators involved in many biological functions, such as embryonic development, cell proliferation, and adult stem cell determination.

We find that DNA methylation and Polycomb group repressors are both indispensable for autosomal imprinting, albeit at distinct gene sets.

Pho and Phol are subunits of the Polycomb group protein complex PhoRC and they are also stably associated with the INO80 nucleosome remodeling complex.

Polycomb group (PcG) proteins are crucial chromatin regulators during development.

Encoded by B cell-specific moloney murine leukemia virus integration site 1, Bmi1 is part of the polycomb group of proteins localized in stem and undifferentiated cells.

Polycomb group proteins are one of the histone modifiers that control transcriptional repression of specific genes in development, differentiation, and functionality of various tissues.

Polycomb group ring finger protein 1 (Pcgf1) is a component of PRC1.

Reduction of H2AK119ub1 by depletion of Polycomb group ring finger 1 (PCGF1) and PCGF6-essential components of variant PRC1 (vPRC1)-leads to H3K27me3 loss at a subset of genes in oocytes.

Recent studies show that polycomb group proteins control microRNA156, phytohormone metabolism/transport/signaling and key tuberization genes through histone modifications to govern tuber development.

We also discuss the involvement of epigenetic mechanisms, specifically the Polycomb group complexes and ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complexes, in the temporal patterning of neural progenitors.

Additionally, Polycomb Group proteins and H3K4me3 regulate 3D organization in oocytes and embryos.

CBX7, a polycomb group (PcG) protein, regulates the cell cycle but its role in CM proliferation is unknown.

Polycomb group (PcG) and trithorax group (trxG) proteins are evolutionary conserved factors that contribute to cell fate determination and maintenance of cellular identities during development of multicellular organisms.

Here, we report that the polycomb group-related mammalian gene Mel18 is a target of the protein kinase AKT.

Key message The DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE MET3 is controlled by Polycomb group complex during endosperm development.

Analysis performed using supported molecular matrix electrophoresis, a methodology developed for mucin analysis, and knockout mice without the polycomb group protein Bmi-1 revealed that Bmi-1 regulates mucin levels in the submandibular gland by suppressing the expression of the mucin Smgc gene, and that Bmi-1 also regulates mucin O-glycosylation via suppression of the glycosyltransferase Gcnt3 gene in the submandibular gland.

RESULTS Polycomb group (PcG) proteins including CBXs function to repress gene expression in a wide range of organisms including mammals.

Maintenance of appropriate cell states involves epigenetic mechanisms, including Polycomb group (PcG)-mediated transcriptional repression.

TNF-α stimulation (3 h and 6 h) decreased the mRNA level of the stem cell markers leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptor 5 (Lgr5) and polycomb group ring finger 4 and the progenitor cell marker prominin-1, which is also known as CD133.

Mutations of, methylcytosine dioxygenase TET2, polycomb group protein ASXL1 and histone-lysine N-methyltransferase EZH2 genes have accounted for certain subsets of triple negative MPNs but the driving cause for majority of cases is still unexplored.

Actively expressed EBV gene EBNA1 was positively correlated with over-expressed genes coding DNA methyltransferase and Polycomb group proteins, suggesting that EBV infection may have an important role in the hypermethylation of NPC.

Polycomb group (PcG) and Trithorax group (TrxG) genes, originally identified in Drosophila melanogaster several decades ago as master regulators of cellular identity and epigenetic memory, not only are important in mammalian development but also play a key role in AML disease biology.

The polycomb group (PcG) proteins are a class of transcriptional repressors that mediate gene silencing through histone post-translational modifications.

Summary Dynamic changes in histone modifications mediated by Polycomb group proteins can be indicative of the transition of gene repression mode during development.

Polycomb group proteins play the role of gene silencing of stemness markers that regulate muscle differentiation.

Increased expression of the polycomb group protein BMI-1 extends the lifespan of HBECs while maintaining cell context plasticity.

Sde1A encodes a protein with a RAWUL domain, which is also present in Polycomb Group Repressive Complex 1 (PRC1) RING finger proteins and WD Repeat Domain 48 proteins.

Female puberty is subject to Polycomb Group (PcG)-dependent transcriptional repression.

Polycomb Group (PcG) proteins are part of an epigenetic cell memory system that plays essential roles in multicellular development, stem cell biology, X chromosome inactivation, and cancer.

The oncogene BMI-1, a core member of the polycomb group proteins, is a potential novel therapeutic target for GBM.

Polycomb group (PcG) genes, such as Fertilization-Independent Seed 2 (FIS2), are vital for the syncytium-to-cellularization transition in Arabidopsis plants.

Recent studies have highlighted that the Polycomb group (PcG) of proteins play a significant role in spatiotemporal regulation of Merkel cell formation.

Summary Establishing the embryonic body plan of multicellular organisms relies on precisely orchestrated cell divisions coupled with pattern formation, which, in animals, are regulated by Polycomb group (PcG) proteins.

Repressive regulation of potassium channel genes by Polycomb group (PcG) proteins contributes to PcG protein-mediated neuroprotection against neuronal ischemic injury, as seen in an ischemic stroke.

We propose that a switch in the ability to compact and phase separate is a central aspect of Polycomb group function during the transition from pluripotency to differentiated lineages.

Polycomb group (PcG) complexes ensure that every cell in an organism expresses the genes needed at a particular stage, time, or condition.

Furthermore, failure to constrain pervasive H2AK119ub1 compromises Polycomb complex occupancy at a subset of Polycomb target genes, which leads to their derepression, providing a potential molecular rationale for why the BAP1 ortholog in Drosophila has been characterized as a Polycomb group gene.

Notably, the hub genes all belong to polycomb group genes.

The Polycomb group (PcG) proteins are a family of chromatin regulators and critical for the maintenance of cellular identity.

The Polycomb Group Ring Finger 3 (PCGF3) protein has been reported to be significantly upregulated in pancreatic islet tumors and related to signal transduction; however, its detailed mechanisms and biological roles in other tumors, including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), remain unclear.

We hypothesize that an ancestral role of Polycomb group (PcG) proteins was to silence transposable elements.

Polycomb group (PcG) proteins are widely utilized for transcriptional repression in eukaryotes.

Polycomb group (PcG) proteins maintain cell identity by repressing gene expression during development.

Pupal lethality and melanized pseudo-tumors were suppressed in Psc1 and esc2 backgrounds while polycomb group member mutations Pc1 and Su(z)123 and trithorax group member mutation TrlR85 enhanced the phenotype.

Epigenetic regulators, such as the polycomb group (PcG) of proteins have been implicated in modulating gene expression in adult SCs to maintain homeostatic and regenerative balances in adult tissues.

Genes regulated by the Polycomb group (PcG) vary in their transcriptional output in response to changes in temperature.

We provide new insights into how Polycomb group (PcG) proteins, master regulators of development and cell differentiation, decipher genetic and epigenetic information to achieve binding stability and highlight that Polycomb condensates facilitate target-search efficiency.

Polycomb group (PcG) proteins are crucial chromatin regulators during development.

Polycomb group (PcG) proteins are chromatin-associated factors involved in the repression of gene transcription.

Polycomb group protein Bmi1 is essential for hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) self-renewal and terminal differentiation.

MethodTwo major protein families involved in maintaining and regulating structure and dynamics of chromatin are trithorax group (TrxG) and polycomb group (PcG) proteins.

Among the histone modifiers, polycomb group proteins (PcGs), such as Ezh2, Eed and Suz12 form large protein complexes—polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2); while Ring1b and Bmi1 proteins form core of PRC1 along with accessory proteins such as Cbx, Hph, Rybp and Pcgfs catalyse histone modifications such as H3K27me3 and H2AK119ub1.

Dear Editor, ASXL1, ASXL2, and ASXL3 compose the additional sex comb-like family, and they function as epigenetic regulators through recruitment of polycomb group repressor complexes (PRC).

Intrinsic regulation is mediated by DNA methylation transferases (DnmTs) and polycomb group complexes (PcG) can intrinsically affect the development of astrocytes.

First described in Drosophila melanogaster, polycomb group (PcG) and later trithorax group (trxG) genes were shown to serve in the preservation and maintenance of gene expression programs that modulate cellular differentiation, with roles as gene repressors and activators, respectively.

Polycomb group (PcG) proteins play critical roles in the epigenetic inheritance of cell fate.

Polycomb group (PcG) proteins are essential for development and are frequently misregulated in human cancers.