Introduction to Physical Punishment

During the late Soviet period in LSSR schools there were four main disciplinary practices: formal notices by writing or by word, unsanctioned physical punishments, preventive disciplinary practices, and informal shaming.

Caregiver belief that children need physical punishment in order to be raised properly was the largest risk factor for spanking (OR=2.

EnglishThis article navigates a current and transcendental problem within our societies: the physical punishment of boys and girls, specifically the creation of those public policies advocating for children’s rights.

The efforts of the school to deter such negative effects by promoting character education and repressing actions through light physical punishment and parental involvement.

We find deep support for Sharia among Bangladeshi respondents, including its draconian physical punishments, as well as a strong preference for its use upon non-Muslims.

The ideas of al-Qabisi on the physical punishment method for the students now tend to be poorly comprehended, acknowledged, and implemented by educators in the educational institution system.

Under what conditions would a principal choose to buy a slave rather than to hire a free worker? First, slaves cannot leave at will, which reduces turnover costs; second, slaves can be subjected to physical punishments, which reduces enforcement costs.

Physical punishment is increasingly viewed as a form of violence that harms children.

While some accounts described overt actions that realigned experiences with traditional narratives of wartime contribution, this paper analyses the impact of subtler actions, such as stoicism in response to physical punishment, a refusal to accept the bleakness of their surrounds, and taking their survival into their own hands by instituting basic medical practices.

OBJECTIVES To examine whether adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and physical punishment (ie, spanking) are unique risk factors for behavior problems in early childhood, and whether ACEs moderate the associations of spanking with child behavior problems.

Scales extracted from the CECA-Q included parental loss, antipathy, neglect, physical punishment, sexual abuse and support from a same-age confidant.

Discipline based on harsh physical punishment, the strenuous efforts to which soldiers were subjected, especially during campaigns, the very poor hygiene and sanitary conditions, alcoholism and mental illnesses (melancholia, Heimweh) and, last but not least, the desire for adventure influenced this phenomenon.

2% encountered severe physical punishment.

Finally, the current data showed that Indian parents most frequently used TV time, words of encouragement, and play/game time as motivators; the least popular motivators were money, new toys, and physical punishment.

Particular attention was paid to the excellent nutrition and professional training, and physical punishment was forbidden.

This study examines the association of parents’ perceived social isolation and recent employment loss to risk for child maltreatment (neglect, verbal aggression, and physical punishment) in the early weeks of the pandemic.

Positive parenting was quantified to age 16, and included the extent to which cohort members self-reported: high scores on measures of maternal and paternal care; low scores on a measure of maternal and paternal overprotection; high scores on a measure of parental attachment; low scores on a measure of parental intimate partner violence; and occasional or no use of physical punishment.

Caregiver belief that children need physical punishment in order to be raised properly was the largest risk factor for spanking (OR = 2.

Furthermore, most schoolteachers from both countries did not believe that physical punishment was an effective way to address challenging behavior and did not support its use in schools.

While some authors suggest spanking/slapping is a distinct and "milder" form of physical punishment, parents' use of spanking is consistently associated with poor outcomes for their children.

This mixed-method study examined faith leaders’ child protection practices, attitudes towards child rights, and views around physical punishment in Senegal, Uganda, and Guatemala.

Most mothers have given punishment through verbal, such as yelling, and through physical punishment such as hitting.

However, the recommendations made with this study included a greater need for additional counseling on how to change school behavior rather than using physical punishment.

To clarify these relations, we tested a model incorporating multiple forms of childhood maltreatment (sexual abuse, physical punishment, emotional neglect), past year psychiatric disorder symptoms during adolescence (anxiety, mood, and conduct disorders) and recent suicidal thoughts.

Background and Objective: Sixty countries worldwide have banned the use of physical punishment, yet little is known about the association of physical and nonphysical forms of child discipline with child development in a global context.

METHODS Subjects with SZ (n=71) and EOP and AOP were compared for the history of psychological trauma, sexual abuse, and physical punishment through the Early Trauma Inventory Self Report - Short Form (ETISR-SF); a history of comorbidities and affective disorders through the Diagnostic Interview for Psychosis and Affective Disorders, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale and the Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia was correlated with the disease duration.

Spectacular physical punishments such as whipping were at the core of the master-slave relationship but it was the chronic and acute physical demands of forced labor that did the most destructive and lasting damage to enslaved people.

Secondary outcomes demonstrated decreases in child neglect; dysfunctional parenting; poor child monitoring and supervision; parental sense of inefficacy; child behavior problems; daily report on child problem behavior; parent overall depression, anxiety, and stress; and attitudes supporting physical punishment and harsh discipline.

Secondary outcomes demonstrated decreases in child neglect; dysfunctional parenting; poor child monitoring and supervision; parental sense of inefficacy; child behavior problems; daily report on child problem behavior; parent overall depression, anxiety, and stress; and attitudes supporting physical punishment and harsh discipline.

Lower socioeconomic status and parental use of physical punishment were significant predictors of both internalizing and externalizing problems.

Children who were male, malnourished and experienced physical punishment were less likely to be on a positive developmental track.

27) to the highest level of severe physical punishment (OR = 4.

Among the research results, we highlight that: Some memorization practices were, in the past, linked to physical punishments, and were later reconfigured and appropriate to the penalties of the spirit; The use of the body in the teaching of mathematics, besides penalties, was linked to the exercises of the mind, which include memory training; this notion of body would be linked to repetitive math exercises; constant repetition would be in line with the mechanized teaching of this discipline; The recitation sought to transform the minimum gestures of the body into useful force; and, finally, the apprehension of the students' time, aiming at its maximum use in a linear and continuous way, is one of the aspects that pervade the memorization practices.

Physical punishment – corporal punishment – of children/adolescents is highly prevalent.

The results were as follows: (1) Parents in regions with higher education spending were more likely to obtain a higher score on control behavior, a dimension related to parental demandingness, involvement, and monitoring; (2) Parents in regions with lower education spending were more likely to show harshness, a behavior associated with hostility, punitiveness, and coercion, towards their children and adopt harsh parenting practices, such as physical punishment and scolding.

According to the WHO nearly 3 in 4 children - or 300 million children - aged 2–4 years regularly suffer physical punishment and/or psychological violence at the hands of parents and caregivers [3].

Additionally, results illustrate the need to examine limited spanking separately from more general forms of physical punishment.

Results indicated that orphan children were faced with stigma, discrimination, bullying, physical punishment, anxiety, poor attachment and isolation.

, socio-economic difficulty of the original family, parental divorce, frequent quarrels between parents, frequent physical punishment by parents, and starvation) were associated with a higher risk of elder abuse victimization.

Perpetration of AHTO at LRDS was uniquely associated with: younger age, male gender, experiences of childhood physical punishment, greater perpetration incident-specific drinking, concurrent illicit drug use, and less frequent use of safety strategies while drinking in the past 12 months.

The prevalence of any violent discipline, psychological aggression, any physical punishment and severe physical punishment were 76.

Multivariable logistic regression investigated the effect of severe physical punishment by parents, peer victimization at school, and community violence on the study outcomes (adolescent-reported emotional/conduct problems identified by the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire/SDQ) when controlling for confounders (resilience, parental emotional warmth, maternal education/unemployment/anxiety/depression) and covariates (age, sex, stressful life events, parental rejection).

Parent-child physical aggression, including both physical punishment and abuse, remains a prevalent problem in the United States.

This trend denies the efforts of the international community, which has suppressed physical punishment including the death penalty in modern times and has achieved advances in human rights and humanitarianism under contemporary international law.

Regarding parents’ perceptions of their educational practices and interaction with the children, improvements were detected in several of the aspects measured: affective relationship, involvement, model, communication, rules and monitoring, and children’s feelings, besides reduction in use of physical punishment and negative marital atmosphere (p < 0.

Yune’s parents are described as using anger, physical punishment and shaming to render Yune compliant to their aspirations for obedience, discipline and constrained behaviour.

This article examines how people respond to robot-administered verbal and physical punishments.

It included scales measuring frequency of victimisation from physical punishment by a teacher, physical injuries from being punished by a teacher, negative feelings after physical punishment by a teacher, reasons for being punished by a teacher, and acceptance of physical punishment at school.

The 113 mothers who participated in the MEP program had significantly improved their parenting, such that they had less use of physical punishment post-intervention.

Finally, children who have experienced psychological aggression and physical punishment are more likely to be used as child labour than those without such experience across the job types and hours spent.

Physical punishment of children is linked to negative developmental outcomes.

BACKGROUND While the literature on physical punishment concludes that it has negative effects on children, the practice remains common in many countries.

, more appropriate parenting expectations, greater empathy, and valuing non-physical punishment), including greater educational attainment, caregiver history of child sexual and physical abuse, lower levels of children's internalizing symptoms, greater family income, and lower levels of psychological aggression.

Among the subjects he examines are: the use of black slaves as workers compared to the Nazi use of Jewish labor; the causes of slave demographic decline and growth in different New World locations; the main features of Jewish life during the Holocaust relative to slave life with regard to such topics as diet, physical punishment, medical care, and the role of religion; the treatment of slave women and children as compared to the treatment of Jewish women and children in the Holocaust.

and physical punishment on missions was used as an expression of hierarchy and authority.

A basic human right of all children is protection from physical punishment in all settings.

It was found that the children express family bonds characteristic of dependence; that the parental educative practices are conveyed through an authoritarian model with greater control, imposed rules, little support for the child, a lot of demand and lack of affection; that the strategies used by the parents to guide their children’s behavior are characterized by the direct use of force, including physical punishment or the use of intimidation; ultimately, it was found that the present methods for teaching and learning restrict the development of learning because they reduce the child's spaces of choice.

For him, the word of God contained in the Bible was the source from which he drew and on the basis of which he justified such pedagogical issues as: education as a "dialogue and meeting", human dignity and the prohibition of physical punishment.

While equal provocation and punishment modalities were used in the first two versions, monetary deductions in the first and heat stimulus in the second study, the third experiment used non-physical provocation to trigger physical punishment.

The Demographic information sheet, Physical Punishment Questionnaire (Malik, 2014), Academic Self-efficacy Scale (Gafoor & Ashraf, 2006) and school record for drop-out was used for the assessment of the participants.

Parental reports of physical punishment and lack of spontaneous vocalization were associated with poor cognitive and language composite scores, respectively.

Not so long ago, when the issue of physical punishment of children was not discussed at all.

Communication strategies that incorporate debate are needed to give full effect to the ECD and related policies, especially around the topics of prioritizing the youngest children, physical punishment, child rights, and the pervasiveness of threats to ECD arising from poverty and disadvantage.

Several studies have associated harsh physical punishment (e.

Relative to Non-Hispanic White parents, African American parents were more likely to approve the practice of physical punishment to correct misbehavior of children, whereas Hispanic parents were less likely to support physical punishment.

This chapter investigates the relationship between childhood physical punishment and later convictions for both G2 and G3 males.

The use of physical punishment is a shared cultural value that is rooted as part of the Ghanaian national values.

He strictly forbids giving physical punishment to workers, giving heavy work that cannot be done by work, and other physicalist pressures.

Regarding the perception of violence, approximately 31% of the participants accepted physical punishment from parents.

Each violation subject to physical punishment, verbal and psychological.

, 2018) summarized the extensive body of research demonstrating that parents' use of physical punishment is ineffective and linked with risk of detrimental outcomes for children.

The study suggests that “in  the general population there will be differences in the assessment of severity in the types of abuse considering as very serious the abuse of the physical and sexual abuse, emotional, Munchausen, and prenatal, and as less serious, labor exploitation, begging and physical punishment “.

Research has indicated that negative parenting practices, such as physical punishment, are associated with negative outcomes in children.

This article explores the use of physical punishment in Bangladeshi elementary schools and the socioeconomic variables that may be predictors of its use.

The results showed that physical punishment and mental abuse experienced in childhood increased the mediating variable, level of depression, in adulthood.

Results of this study can be interpreted in light of the recent American Academy of Pediatrics statement that encourages pediatricians to counsel parents against the use of physical punishment.

The conclusions that can be obtained in research at MTs Tarbiyatul Ummah Robatal Sampang Madura are: (1) The form of parenting for the majority of parents is authoritarian parenting, which means that most parents of MTs Tarbiyatul Ummah Robatal Sampang Madura take care of their children by giving physical punishment, giving rigid rules to children and limiting children's opportunities to express opinions so that children seem limited and afraid to develop.

We refer more specifically to the physical punishments inflicted, in the midst of the labor relations, on free people (but free people who came from slavery), before and after the 13 of May of 1888.

ResultsPoor maternal mental health at multiple time points and authoritarian and physical punishment parenting styles were associated with an increased likelihood of developing behavioural difficulties at 4.

The following parenting practices were assessed: positive reinforcement, involvement, inconsistency, unsuitable treatment behaviors and physical punishment, as well as hostility and humiliation behaviors.

It can be concluded that the most frequent negative phenomena during aggressor's and/or victim's childhood were physical violence of father against mother, alcohol – possibly father's alcoholism, poverty, physical punishment of children, and patriarchal model of the family.

Thus, it is paramount to understand the demarcation between physical punishment and physical abuse among parents and their use of certain forms of discipline.

The obtained results are consistent with an arduous life, corroborating historical sources which document labour accidents, physical punishments and hard work in the populations of slaves.

BackgroundParental physical punishment (e.

Further, rates of physical punishment and maltreatment are higher among immigrants than among non-migrants in Switzerland and in ex-Yugoslavia.

The works of the early period emphasize “truth and revenge,” retribution, and physical punishment over the “malicious” in the spirit of Old Testament dogma.

Literature shows that presence of behavioral problem and parenting styles based on physical punishment, lack of consistency and ineffective limit setting are related to poor academic achievement.

Using theoretically-informed mediating path models and data from the second National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being (NSCAW II), this study tests the role of harsh physical punishment as a mediator between family income and CPS involvement.