Introduction to Opioid Systems

RationaleThe endocannabinoid and the endogenous opioid systems interact in the modulation of social play behavior, a highly rewarding social activity abundantly expressed in young mammals.

Glutamate and opioid systems play important roles in alcohol drinking behaviors.

Several studies about the roles of immune and opioid systems in the pain process have suggested that their crosstalk may have effective in pain modulation.

Conclusion: The role of other non- opioid systems, and the extent to which they contribute to the psy-chotropic properties of N2O, still remains to be established.

Background: Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic and opioid systems play a crucial role in the neural modulation of innate fear organised by the inferior colliculus (IC).

Moreover, an interaction between oxytocin and opioid systems was also appeared in the present study.

In experiments examining the role of opioid systems, ghrelin was administered intravenously when the first bladder contraction was observed after intravenous administration of naloxone methiodide, an opioid receptor antagonist.

These effects are likely mediated through the kappa and possibly the mu opioid systems, since ethanol-induced anti-nociception following CCI was fully reversed by pretreatment with the kappa selective antagonist, nor-BNI, or high doses of naltrexone.

The gut immune, cannabinoid, and opioid systems constitute an integrated network contributing to visceral sensation and pain modulation.

In this review, we highlight the current efforts toward safer opioid treatments and describe our current knowledge of the interaction between pain and opioid systems.

Therapeutic approaches that show promise include cognitive behavioral therapy, dialectical behavior therapy, and mentalization as well as medications that act on the serotonergic, dopaminergic, and opioid systems.

Impact Statement Heavy alcohol drinking primes dynorphin / kappa opioid systems in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis to alter stress responses in mice.

Moreover, our results imply that EKR and RKE might be interesting pharmacological tools for further investigating the biological function of the NPFF and opioid systems.

Previous studies in our laboratory showed an interaction between the GABAergic and opioid systems involved in the analgesic effect of baclofen (BAC).

Taken together, these studies highlight the importance of opioid systems within the CeA and iNTS in neuronal processes associated with salt restoration, and may aid the development of future CeA: central amygdala.

The interplay between the dopamine (DA) and opioid systems in the brain is known to modulate the additive effects of substances of abuse.

Exercise induced hypoalgesia (EIH) is complex and not entirely understood but possible mechanisms include the opioid and non-opioid systems.