What is/are Observational Estimates?
Observational Estimates - Based on observational estimates and global ocean eddy-resolving coupled retrospective initialized predictions, we show that Kuroshio Extension variability affects rainfall variability along the west coast of North America. [1] Although river flow is the best-monitored variable of the terrestrial water cycle, the scarcity of available in situ observations in large portions of the world has until now hindered the development of consistent observational estimates with global coverage. [2] The resulting uncertainty in the true volume density is likely one of the major sources of error in observational estimates of $\epsilon_{\rm ff}$. [3] Our results suggest that observational estimates of, or constrain on, ⟨p⟩ at ν≳4 GHz could be used as an indicator of the turbulent driving scale in the ICM. [4] Furthermore, the bias in naive observational estimates seems to be mainly driven by environmental familial confounders shared within twin pairs, rather than genetic confounding. [5] This model reproduces the main features of the observed baryonic Tully-Fisher relationship, and is consistent with observational estimates of the baryon mass fraction in the intergalactic medium. [6] We show that ecosystem level N limitation of net primary productivity (quantified in the model by the ratio of the potential amount of C that can be allocated to growth and spreading of the vegetation compared with the actual amount achieved in its natural state) falls at the lower end of the observational estimates in forests (approximately 1. [7] However, observational estimates of this so-called quasar lifetime are highly uncertain (tQ ∼ 104–109 yr), because most methods are indirect and involve many model-dependent assumptions. [8] A two-sample Mendelian randomization study of five proteins associated with AMD found CFHR1, CFHR5, and FUT5 to be causally related to the disease, all of which were directionally consistent with the observational estimates. [9] Observational estimates were likely confounded, but the GRS for BMI did not associate with measured confounders. [10] The modelling results suggest, in agreement with observational estimates, that the PDO negative phase (PDO−) may enhance the amplitude of the El Niño-NAE teleconnection, while the dynamics involved appear to be unaltered. [11] This study examined the generalizability and dependability of observational estimates of middle and high school teachers’ use of praise and reprimand. [12] We then apply the weighting approach, based on two observational estimates (ERA5 and MERRA2), to constrain CMIP6 projections in weak (SSP1-2. [13] Satellite-based passive microwave observations provide the best available continuous observational estimates of global snow water storage due to their broad geographic footprint and low sensitivity to clouds and precipitation. [14] All reanalyses underestimate ice thickness near the coast of the western Weddell Sea with respect to ICESat-1 and in situ observations even though these observational estimates may be biased low. [15] Daily and subdaily precipitation extremes in historical phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) simulations are evaluated against satellite-based observational estimates. [16] This implies a roughly 1 minute, height-invariant formation for natural tornadoes, consistent with recent observational estimates. [17] This ensures spatially coherent fields which respect physical principles and which are also tied closely to observational estimates. [18] In addition, a lowered maximum SN-II progenitor mass of $25{\rm M}_{\odot}$, reflecting recent theoretical and observational estimates, can also provide a good match to observed metallicity profiles at $z=0$ in L-GALAXIES 2020. [19] Study limitations include potential residual confounding of observational estimates, including by ectopic fat within muscle, and the absence of grip measures in adolescence for estimates of grip change over sub-periods. [20] Our multiplicity fraction estimates generally concur with the observational estimates for different spectral types. [21] Five weather and climate models used for subseasonal to seasonal forecasting are confronted with the observational estimates to discern discrepancies that may affect their ability to predict phenomena related to L-A feedbacks, such as drought or heat waves. [22] Furthermore, constraining the models to reproduce observational estimates of the atmospheric vertical profile reduces BC effective radiative forcing to 0. [23] The fundamental parameters of the short–period Cepheid CG Cas were derived with application of observational estimates of the period and the rate of period change. [24] Comparison to observational estimates of OHT requires that the observational data set includes only sources of divergent heat transport, which is often not the case. [25]Observational estimates point to pronounced changes of the Southern Ocean carbon uptake in the past decades, but the mechanisms are still not fully understood.
[26] In this first of paired papers, the time-averaged abyssal circulation in the modern Atlantic is estimated by combining a hydrographic climatology, observational estimates of volume transports, Argo float velocities at 1000 m, radiocarbon data, and geostrophic dynamics. [27] Incorporating observational estimates of plasma density further constrains the obtained posteriors. [28] Choosing reasonable parameters corresponding to the Hudson Strait Ice Stream, our model of sediment freeze-on and discharge is consistent with observational estimates of Heinrich event sediment discharge volume. [29] While our simulations reproduce a general relation of the sort $R_{\rm e}=AR_{\rm vir}$, in agreement with observational estimates, the relation becomes tighter with $A=0. [30] However, we find that with the weak magnetic field, the rotational velocity on a 100 au scale and the disk size in our simulations are larger than the observational estimates by a factor of several. [31] The 100-year return levels along the Swedish coast in the ERA-40 hindcast are within the 95 % confidence limits of the observational estimates, except those on the west coast. [32] In particular, it is inferred that CMAM simulates a faster and shallower Brewer–Dobson circulation (BDC) compared to both EMAC and observational estimates, which has implications for the distribution and magnitude of the downward flux of stratospheric ozone over the most recent climatological period (1980–2010). [33] Simulation results from NorESM1-F in general agree well with observational estimates and show evident improvements over NorESM1-M, for example, in the strength of the meridional overturning circulation and sea ice simulation, both important metrics in simulating past and future climates. [34] We extend our previous work focused at $z\sim0$, studying the redshift evolution of galaxy dynamical properties using the state-of-the-art semi-analytic model GAEA: we show that the predicted size-mass relation for disky/star forming and quiescent galaxies is in good agreement with observational estimates, up to $z\sim2$. [35] As a proof of concept, we use observational estimates of the main sequence scatter at $z\sim0$ and $M_{\star}\approx10^{10}~M_{\odot}$ measured in H$\alpha$, UV+IR and the u-band, and show that combination of these point to $\tau_{\rm break}=178^{+104}_{-66}$ Myr, when assuming $\alpha=2$. [36] Observational estimates are contrasted with the Met Office Unified Model (MetUM) climate simulations to evaluate the model’s ability to capture this transport. [37] In addition, they show that a mid-depth cell consistent with observational estimates is powered by the wind stress in the Antarctic circumpolar region, while the abyssal cell relies on interior diapycnal mixing, which is bottom intensified. [38] Their potential predictability is assessed here based on observational estimates of spatial coherence of tropical rainfall anomalies estimated from the mean spatial autocorrelation in a 500-km radius. [39] 5 and at hard X-ray luminosity 10^{ 44 }< erg/s is underestimated compared with recent observational estimates when we assume the exponentially decreasing accretion rate and the accretion timescale which is proportional to the dynamical time of the host halo or the bulge, as is often assumed in semi-analytic models. [40] Overall, we find good agreement with observational estimates for both S/T and $C_{82}$. [41] This somewhat improves the agreement between simulation predictions and observational estimates of the Milky Way halo shape. [42] This increases the gas depletion timescale and brings the simulated Kennicutt-Schmidt relation closer to the observational estimates. [43] The 100-year return levels along the Swedish coast in the ERA-40 hindcast are within the 95 % confidence limits of the observational estimates, except those on the west coast. [44] 5-11}~\rm M_\odot$ galaxies at $z=0~(z=2)$ are quiescent and the numbers of quenched galaxies at intermediate redshifts and high masses are in better agreement with observational estimates than previous models. [45] 016 is in a good agreement with observational estimates of the period of FG Sge. [46] Our results resolve apparent discrepancies in recent observational estimates of the strength of the oceanic lithosphere. [47] This is consistent with observational estimates of neutron-star merger rates6–8, but rules out supernovae and stellar sources. [48] We present observational estimates of the chlorophyll-a concentration in the Banda Sea increasing by 20% over the winter average within an MJO life cycle. [49] , 2013), we review recent observational estimates of ice sheet and glacier mass balance, and their related uncertainties, first briefly considering relevant monitoring methods. [50]