Introduction to Milk Replacer

To mitigate this challenge, milk replacers frequently contain antibiotics to reduce the proliferation of harmful bacteria that may result in disease in pre-ruminant, milk supplemented calves.

Calves were weaned after 42 d of milk replacer feeding (51.

5% of algae meal mixed in the concentrate, and the last group consumed the same amount of algae meal, but emulsified in a milk replacer and bottle-fed.

The present work evaluated 15 Holstein calves individually housed and fed one of the three liquid diets: I – whole milk (n = 5), II – milk replacer (22.

All animals received 4 L of milk replacer daily, weaned at 8th week of age, and housed in wood shelters until week 10.

Sixteen healthy newborn Holstein calves were randomized to either a baseline nutritional program (CON) or 1×/d inoculations with 25 g of fecal donor material (FMT) mixed in the milk replacer (n = 8/TRT) from 8 to 12 days of age.

Current research findings include positive effects on daily liveweight gain and other advantages for calf health from feeding waste milk compared to milk replacer.

The results can be used for the development of colostrum and milk replacers.

Thirty-five Holstein heifers were assigned to one of three treatments: SM, n=13, pen with mother to 21st day, then group pen (they received a maximum of 6 kg of milk daily); SN, n=9, after 3 d with own mother in pen with nursing cow (they received a maximum of 6 kg of milk daily); H, n=13, in hutch from the 2nd to 56th day (6 kg of milk replacer daily), then loose housing pen to weaning (6 kg of milk replacer daily).

The purpose of this research was to study the effect of milk replacer with age on ileal microbiota growth and maturation in YBGs throughout the post-weaning phase.

This review addresses the nutritive value of soybean, anti-nutritional factors, effect of processing on the nutritive value of the seed and the utilization of soybean in milk replacers for pre-ruminants.

The prophylactic (PROP) group received orally clinoptilolite supplemented at a rate of 3% to the colostrum within the first day of life before inoculation and then to milk replacer for two weeks.

5% BRYP in milk replacer significantly enhanced the species richness in the cecum and colon, but decreased the diversity of species in the colon (P <0.

Calves were 4 to 76 d of age and fed whole milk or milk replacer containing all-milk protein.

The consequences of supplementing Lys, Met, and Thr in milk replacers (MR) for calves have been widely studied, but scarce information exists about potential roles of other AA (whether essential or not).

Background In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in using high quantities of milk or milk replacer (MR) in heat-stressed calves to alleviate the negative effects of high environmental temperatures on their performance.

Eleven Holstein heifer calves were housed individually, provided water, and fed a diet of starter grain and milk replacer (4.

Key Words: Performance, Pre-weaned goats, Soyabean diet, milk replacer.

The HNa and Gln were together mixed with 100 mL of milk replacer (51-58 days of age) or water (59-72 days of age) and orally administrated to each calf from a bottle before morning feeding.

Linear models and 2- and 3-parameter nonlinear models were evaluated to predict DFI using age of calf, intake of milk replacer, ambient temperature, percent forage, and neutral detergent fiber concentration in ration dry matter (DM) as independent variables.

Strategic weaning management on milk replacer allowance at this phase can be a promising approach for harvesting desired carcass trait in finisher phase.

The objective was to determine the growth performance of Friesian calves given milk or milk replacer (MR) at varying levels.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of supplementation of sodium butyrate (SB) in liquid feeds (milk, milk replacer, and the mixture of both) on the growth performance, rumen fermentation, and serum antioxidant capacity and immunoglobins in dairy calves before weaning.

During the first research and production experiment in the calves of the 1st experimental group 30 % and in the bovine calves of the 2nd experimental group 40 % milk replacer have been replaced with a protein-mineral-vitamin additive.

The prophylactic use of oral antimicrobials, such as neomycin, in milk replacer (MR) or whole milk is a common practice in calf-rearing that is thought to aid in preventing disease.

Twenty 30-day-old male yak calves were randomly assigned to four groups, which separately fed with milk replacer (CON group), milk replacer with alfalfa hay (A group), milk replacer with starter feed (S group), and milk replacer with starter feed plus alfalfa hay (SA group) throughout the trial.

The present study was aimed to determine growth and blood parameters of soybean based milk replacer fed kids and naturally suckled counterparts in three villages of Mymensingh Sadar, Bangladesh.

The FEEDAP Panel concluded that the additive under assessment is safe up to the maximum proposed use level of 400 mg/kg for veal calf (milk replacer), sheep, goat, horse and salmon.

Calves on the MM treatment received a total of 35 kg of milk replacer over 45 d, compared with LM calves, who received a total of 25 kg of milk replacer over 45 d.

This study aimed (1) to provide estimates of total mean retention times of milk replacer (MR), concentrates, and roughage in veal calves fed a mixed diet; (2) to determine the effect of level and type of solid feed (SF) on passage kinetics of MR, concentrates, and roughages in veal calves; and (3) to compare passage kinetics in veal calves using the fecal excretion curves of indigestible markers and a noninvasive 13C tracer breath test approach to determine whether the latter technique can serve as an alternative.

In this study, faecal samples from 199 calves raised on three different allowances of milk replacer: 10% of initial bodyweight (LA), 20% of initial bodyweight (HA), and ad libitum (ADLIB), were collected just prior to weaning.

Calves were fed either acidified bulk milk, pasteurized or unpasteurized waste milk, or milk replacer depending on farm.

The objective of this study was to evaluate growth performance, and mammary gland parenchyma (PAR) development in Holstein female calves fed whole milk combined with milk replacer for 15% total solids (15TS) or only milk (11% TS; 11TS).

Milk replacers (MR) formulated to contain more lactose than whole milk could potentially reduce insulin sensitivity in dairy calves.

The aim of the study was to determine whether a combination of both probiotic feed additive and nucleotide supplementation in milk replacer (MR) would have a synergistic impact on growth performance and fecal bacteria of calves.

Additionally, the effect of a liquid feed (milk or milk replacer) was tested on the slope of the regression.

The 5 groups of calves were fed with whole milk (d 4 to d 22) or milk replacer (d 23 to d 60) supplemented with (per calf per d) 0 g (control, SZ0), 5 g (SZ5,0.

This study evaluated effects of milk replacer (MR) feeding rate and fat concentration in MR on total-tract digestion (TTD) and growth performance in Jersey calves.

Male piglets (N = 53 were provided ad libitum access to milk replacer without (CON) or with 1g/L 2’FL (FL) from postnatal day 2 to 34/35.

For each herd, we asked how much milk was fed to 3 week old dairy calves, number of daily milk feedings, usage of milk replacer, number of weeks calves were housed in single pens, and whether calves at 3 weeks had free access to drinking water.

Spray-dried plasma protein (SDP) has been shown to improve growth and intestinal function in young calves when included in milk replacers (MR) fed at conventional rates.

Keywords: Pre-weaned goats, soyabean diet, milk replacer.

Neither the injection of Vit D3 at birth nor the elevated levels in milk replacer yield discernible changes to pre-weaning circulating concentration of 25OHD.

9 °C), with free access to water and concentrate and received 6 L/d of milk replacer.

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of milk replacers containing 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH)D3] and enriched with vitamin D3 on the growth performance, fecal scores, vitamin D3 metabolites, biochemical blood parameters and antioxidant, inflammatory and stress-related parameters of Holstein male calves.

Methods Forty Holstein calves (24 female and 16 male) at 2d of age were grouped by sex and date of birth then randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments: milk replacer supplementation with 0g (0MSP), 2 g (2MSP), 4 g (4MSP) and 6 g (6MSP) MSP per calf per day.

In the experimental group, Lactobacillus sporogenes and Ascophyllum nodosum were added first to colostrum and then to milk replacer, calves in the control group were fed with colostrum and milk replacer only.

Lactobacillus and Bacillus probiotics may serve as an alternative to antibiotics in milk replacer for pre-ruminant calves by altering gastrointestinal microflora to prevent the proliferation of harmful bacteria.

In this study, rumen digesta attached in the epithelium from goats in three diet regimes (milk replacer only (MRO), milk replacer supplemented concentrate (MRC) and milk replacer supplemented concentrate plus alfalfa pellets (MCA)) were collected for measurement of the epithelial microbiota using next generation sequencing.

Newborn dairy ruminants are usually separated from their dams after birth and fed on milk replacer.

Also, the use of surplus colostrum and transition milk in the form of silage is discussed, being it a restricted nutritional alternative for dairy calves, compared to others, such as whole milk and milk replacers.

The supplemental feed systems consisted of a milk replacer from day 2, changed to a cereal-based liquid feed 12 days after birth.

Twenty Holstein bull calves were allocated to 2 groups either fed with milk replacer (MR) or whole milk.

As a result of this study, it can be said that the use of milk replacers containing whey and propolis will positively affect the growth, development and health of the kid.

This study intended to classify ad libitum-fed calves according to their milk replacer (MR) meal size using the K-means clustering approach.

The purpose of this research was to describe the performance of Holstein calves before and after weaning when total solids in their daily milk were increased with skim milk or milk replacer powder.

All calves were then managed and fed similarly using automatic feeders which recorded individual intake of milk replacer and calf starter.

54] were assigned to receive approximately 0, 5, 10, or 15 mg/kg of BW daily (treatments T0, T1, T2, and T3, respectively) of mixed tocopherols (TMIX) provided in milk replacer (MR) and calf starter.

Elevated liver copper should be reduced byminimising the copper content in milk replacer.

We evaluated the effects of feeding high volumes of milk replacer on growth and reproductive performances in Japanese black heifers.

The aim of this study was to evaluate how the inclusion of a blend of essential oils in milk replacer (MR) affects different outcomes of dairy heifers.

We aimed at characterizing the oxidative status in Holstein heifer calves fed with milk replacer (MR) at either a restrictive (RES) or a high (HIGH) level for 14 weeks.

For this, newborn Holstein calves (n = 14) were individually housed in tropical shelters and blocked according to sex, date, and weight at birth and randomly assigned to one of the following treatments: (1) Control: milk replacer (14% solids, 24% CP, 18.

The hypothesis was that feeding LP may ease transitioning from milk replacer (MR) to calf starter (CS) by improving gut health and appetite, while minimizing health challenges from pathogens and stress to improve growth performance.

This study aimed to evaluate supplementation with Lys and Met in a milk replacer (MR) or a starter concentrate (SC) for calves in a step-up/step-down feeding program.

For the other species, the calculated safe concentrations in complete feed are 10 mg/kg for chicken for fattening, 14 mg/kg for laying hen, 13 mg/kg for turkey for fattening, 17 mg/kg for piglet, 20 mg/kg for pig for fattening, 25 mg/kg for lactating sow, 43 mg/kg for veal calf (milk replacer), 38 mg/kg for cattle for fattening, sheep, goat and horse, 24 mg/kg for dairy cow, 15 mg/kg for rabbit, 42 mg/kg for salmon, 44 mg/kg for dog and 8 mg/kg for cat.

The YS allowance was mixed into milk or milk replacer and fed twice daily.

Simple Summary The positive effects of nucleotide (NU) supplementation in milk replacer have been elucidated in infants and partly in dairy calves; however, NU addition to whole milk has not been evaluated yet.