Introduction to Low Voltage Networks

What is/are Low Voltage Networks?

Low Voltage Networks - Given the increasing penetration of distributed energy resources (DER) in low-voltage networks, peer-to-peer (P2P) energy trading has been proposed to facilitate DER integration into power systems. ^[1] The studies allowed obtaining data on the daily consumption of electricity in individual outgoing lines, information on the characteristics of consumers, digital information (database) on indicators of the quality of electricity in low-voltage networks. ^[2] The presently observed rapid increase in photovoltaic (PV) micro-installation connections to low-voltage networks, resulting from numerous financial support programmes, European Union (EU) energy policy and growing social awareness of environmental and economic issues, raise the question if PV inverters widely available in EU market fulfil the numerous technical requirements specified in European and Polish regulations. ^[3] The experimental tests are carried out on low-voltage networks 380/220 V. ^[4] This paper presents a method to identify radially operated low-voltage networks which can be applied with limited number of smart meters. ^[5] ) in low-voltage networks. ^[6] Non-negligible amounts of Distributed Generating Units (DGUs) are already connected to power systems, predominantly to medium- and low-voltage networks. ^[7] This article presents a comparison of measurement methods for current and voltage distortions in low-voltage networks in the frequency range from 2 to 150 kHz (supraharmonics). ^[8] These algorithms – described in standards and national regulations – were tested in a typical inverter used in public low-voltage networks and implemented in the created simulation model of the relay. ^[9] The increasing penetration level of photovoltaic (PV) systems in low-voltage networks causes voltage regulation issues. ^[10] The developed methods are applied to an exemplary case study with Norwegian low-voltage networks. ^[11] This provides stable operation of the system and achieves higher effectiveness due to the lower X/R ratio at the point of common coupling in low-voltage networks. ^[12] A comprehensive installation of measuring instruments in the medium- and low-voltage networks has proved economically unviable. ^[13] French regulation allows consumers in low-voltage networks to form collectives to produce, share, and consume local energy under the collective self-consumption framework. ^[14] The first part of the article presents an analysis of the distribution of values for the introduced energy density and energy losses in the lines of medium- and low-voltage networks and in transformers supplying the low-voltage network. ^[15] Additional results for 128 low-voltage networks, examine the quality of the solutions obtained with the proposed relaxation. ^[16] As far as a large number of low-voltage networks, and the associated large sum of cost savings are concerned, the proposed planning framework is practical to be applied and expected to be served as a new guideline for future implementation in Thailand. ^[17] The performance of the proposed control algorithm is validated against the optimal power flow (OPF) using data from real low-voltage networks. ^[18] The conclusions that can be extracted from this study will allow the researchers to determine whether or not a given configuration is applicable for a specific application since conventional smart metering infrastructure does not provide the necessary bandwidth to be used in some cases like for instance real time flexibility management in low-voltage networks. ^[19] Taking into account the growth of distributed generation systems in low-voltage networks, it is important to fully exploit the energy resources and their embedded power converter. ^[20] This article is devoted to development of actions for improvement of quality of the electric power in low voltage networks, by installation of booster transformers (BT), and to calculation of economic effect in comparison with alternative versions of the solution of tasks of ensuring reliable, high-quality and available power supply of consumers. ^[21] Low voltage networks are poised to see huge transformations in the next decades. ^[22] This study proposes a Monte Carlo based approach to evaluate the impacts of rooftop solar PV on low voltage networks and a case study is presented for a typical unbalanced residential network in Sri Lanka using a three-phase, four wire model. ^[23] harmonics, in future low voltage networks. ^[24] Thus, grid codes are being released by grid operators for low voltage networks under grid faults. ^[25] This paper proposes a new voltage frequency converter (VFC) that converts both voltage and frequency to the required level of voltage and frequency in low voltage networks used in various countries. ^[26] Droop-based inverter control methods are popular for preventing overvoltage in low voltage networks with high installations of photovoltaic (PV) solar. ^[27] This work focuses on using the full potential of PV inverters in order to improve the efficiency of low voltage networks. ^[28] In the electric power distribution, 20 kV medium-voltage and 380/220V low voltage networks are used. ^[29] Significantly in low voltage networks, there is also a share of consumers with asymmetric load of phases. ^[30] Voltage unbalance has become a power quality issue of concern in the low voltage networks due to the increased penetration of photovoltaic (PV) power generation and there exists little or no standards guiding on the voltage unbalance limit at low voltage networks in some jurisdictions. ^[31] Extensive simulations have uncovered some findings in order to obtain satisfactory state estimation in low voltage networks. ^[32] The proposed technique is tested by using a benchmark scenario for typical European low voltage networks, considering the variation of both residential loads and EV charging profiles. ^[33] The paper intends to be a brief review of the electromagnetic immunity of the equipment connected to the low voltage networks, against transient impulses, in compliance with the tests included in the specific standards IEC/EN 61000-4 and the related ones. ^[34] Despite exceedingly high levels of current distortion being noted for several lamp instances, the attenuating effects of lowering voltage and harmonic diversity, as captured within a pair of diversity factor terms, are shown to help significantly alleviate the associated harmonic pollution impact on low voltage networks. ^[35] This paper focuses on the effect of grid connected inverter filters on a power system particularly on low voltage networks. ^[36] The present study analyzes different neutral regimes in low voltage networks and proposes a justified standard for electrical and communication networks which allows an optimal running in hospital systems. ^[37] In [3] the seasonal variations of power quality in German low voltage networks were studied and variations were found in a considerable number of sites, these variations would also impact the medium voltage levels. ^[38] The low voltage networks management plays even more a key role for distribution system operators due to the fast development of the distributed energy resources. ^[39] In low voltage networks, Energy Storage Systems (ESSs) play a significant role in increasing energy cost savings, peak reduction and energy efficiency whilst reinforcing the electrical network infrastructure. ^[40] Therefore, this paper proposes a methodology, based on fuzzy logic, to estimate the probabilities of DPG insertion in low voltage networks. ^[41] The current technical condition of power cables and the grid states in German distribution networks are usually unknown to a distribution system operator because the necessary sensors, diagnostic measurements and communication technologies are rare to find in the medium and low voltage networks. ^[42] Therefore, this research proposes the resilience study in low voltage networks that integrate distributed resources, seeking to highlight the importance of evolution-temporary evaluation. ^[43] A study was also carried out to further segregate losses into technical and non-technical components in the low voltage networks of two distribution substations. ^[44] These issues are observed in public Low Voltage networks caused by increased penetration of diverse power electronic equipment using grid-side filter circuits and shunt capacitances. ^[45] The rapid spreading of the Photovoltaic (PV) Systems as Distributed Generation (DG) in medium and low voltage networks created many effects and changes on the existing power system networks. ^[46] Accordingly, the aim of this paper is to propose an innovative scheduling method for voltage regulation in low voltage networks. ^[47] Actual integration of high-tech devices brings opportunities for better monitoring, management and control of low voltage networks. ^[48] Currently, communication in low voltage networks is a key technology for the automation of electrical distribution, also known as smart grids. ^[49] In Russia, it is believed that the compensation of reactive power in low voltage networks is impractical due to the low transmit power and the absence of reactive power consumers. ^[50]