Introduction to Low Impact Development

This study presents a novel framework to optimize Low Impact Development (LID) practices for urban storm water management.

For a quantitative analysis of the first flush, the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) was used to simulate the hydrological effect of low impact development (LID) implementation in the community.

Sponge city construction is a new concept of urban stormwater management, which can effectively relieve urban flooding, reduce non-point source pollution, and promote the usage of rainwater resources, often including the application of Low Impact Development (LID) techniques.

Low impact development (LID) methods have been shown to be efficient in reducing the peak flow and total volume of urban stormwater, which is a top priority for effective urban stormwater management in many municipalities.

As a form of pollution source control and a low-impact development measure, bioretention is a convenient, economical and effective method for the removal of heavy metals from stormwater runoff, which can adapt to the randomness and uncontrollability of non-point source pollution.

Rain garden is a typical facility with many applications in urban low impact development (LID).

Urban low impact development systems such as bioretention cells have shown promise to mitigate traditional stormwater contaminants.

Low impact development technologies (LIDs) have been reported as alternatives to mitigate urban water-related hazards, particularly for urban flooding.

In recent years, with the pilot construction of the sponge city, the low impact development technology has been widely applied everywhere nationwide, while the state and local governments have actively developed and modified the relevant standards and specifications.

Road runoff is contaminated by various micropollutants and may be treated using low impact development techniques, such as stormwater biofilters.

While Low Impact Development techniques have been known for several years, it is essential to encourage the association of this type of technology with conventional micro-drainage structures to increase rainfall runoff at the source where it is generated.

With the development of sustainable stormwater management, urban parks have the advantages and necessities in constructing low impact development system to reduce and reuse stormwater.

Urban low impact development systems such as bioretention cells have shown promise to mitigate traditional stormwater contaminants.

A case study in Suzhou, a provincial pilot Sponge City in China undergoing increasing annual rainfall and severe water environment deterioration, was included by integrating Long-Term Hydrologic Impact Assessment-Low Impact Development model with optimization methods, aiming to persistently control the non-point source total phosphorus loading below an acceptable amount in the following unforeseen 20 years via multi-staged low-impact development (LID) construction.

In this study, a watershed scale rainfall-runoff model (the Long-Term Hydrologic Impact Analysis - Low Impact Development model, the L-THIA-LID 2.

Green infrastructure and low impact development methods are common approaches that are increasingly used to address stormwater management in developed environments.

They combine low impact development methods with grey infrastructures, large-scale flood control projects and rehabilitation.