Introduction to Low Immunization

What is/are Low Immunization?

Low Immunization - Routine immunization (RI) delivery was declared a public health concern in Nigeria in 2017 because of persistently low immunization coverage rates reported in independent surveys. ^[1] A qualitative study was conducted comparing two districts: Kapchorwa, with low immunization coverage, and Luwero with high immunization coverage. ^[2] Very Low Immunization Rate in Kidney Transplant Recipients After One Dose of the BNT162b2 Vaccine: Beware not to Lower the Guard! Hélène Georgery, MD, Arnaud Devresse, MD, Jean-Cyr Yombi, MD, Leila Belkhir, MD, PhD, Julien De Greef, MD, Tom Darius, MD, PhD, Antoine Buemi, MD, Anais Scohy, PharmD, Benoit Kabamba, MD, Eric Goffin, MD, and Nada Kanaan, MD. ^[3] Low immunization coverage in Nigeria is mostly attributed to poor knowledge, compliance, accessibility and inappropriate attitude among other factors. ^[4] Despite the existence of specific recommendations, patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have shown low immunization rates. ^[5] Expansion of vaccine supply would allow immunization of older adults not included in phase 1, followed by healthcare workers not previously included and individuals with comorbidities. ^[6] Frequent migrations, life in segregated communities, substandard housing, poverty, and limited access to quality health care, including low immunization coverage, affect their health status and predispose them to various diseases, including viral hepatitis. ^[7] Apart from being caused by low immunization coverage, other factors as nutritional adequacy, environmental hygiene and virulence levels of the disease also influence the occurrence of diphtheria outbreaks. ^[8] Despite the existence of specific recommendations, patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) have shown low immunization rates. ^[9] Low Immunization Rate in Kidney Transplant Recipients Also After Dose 2 of the BNT162b2 Vaccine: Continue to Keep Your Guard up! Karsten Midtvedt, MD, PhD, Trung Tran, PhD, Krystina Parker, MD, PhD, Hans-Peter Marti, MD, Aud-E. ^[10] We identified 11 challenges mainly related to low immunization coverage and vaccine characteristics. ^[11] It could result in low immunization coverage in these areas and, subsequently, the probable endemicity of COVID-19 infections. ^[12] Relatively low immunization and immunization coverage levels were observed for pneumococcal infection (27. ^[13] A strategic, globally coordinated replacement of trivalent OPV with bivalent 1, 3 OPV in 2016 reduced the incidence of vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP) but allowed the escape of type 2 vaccine–derived polioviruses (VDPV2) in areas with low immunization rates and use of monovalent OPV2 in response seeded new VDPV2 outbreaks and reestablishment of type 2 endemicity. ^[14] Outbreaks of diphtheria are noted in areas of low immunization coverage. ^[15] 1,2 While research has suggested that immunocompromised kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) who received mRNA-based vaccines show low immunization rates,3-5 the question as to whether this also applies to KTRs with a past history of COVID-19 remains unanswered. ^[16] The conclusion of this study is that the achievements of the JE immunization campaign vary and there are cases of JE in the achievement of low immunization in one of the districts in Bali Province. ^[17] The choice of this model takes into account the random fluctuations inherent to the epidemiological characteristics of rural populations of Niger, notably a high prevalence of measles in children under 5, coupled with a very low immunization coverage. ^[18] Typically, adjuvants are employed to meet the following objectives: (1) to improve the effectiveness of immunization with vaccines for specific populations, such as newborns and the elderly; (2) enhance the immunogenicity of highly purified or recombinant antigens; (3) allow immunization with a smaller dose of the vaccine, reducing drug dosage. ^[19] Only the data of human sera with Pfizer-BioNTech (BNT162b2) mRNA vaccine against the two mutations E484K and N501Y are available, and they show low immunization rate, which is unexpected. ^[20] ABSTRACT Measles is a highly infectious virus and one of the leading causes of childhood morbidity and mortality in areas with low immunization rates. ^[21] Introduction Hoima, one of the largest districts in mid- western Uganda, has persistently performed poorly with low immunization coverage, high immunization drop outs rates and repeated outbreaks of vaccine preventable diseases especially measles. ^[22] The New York outbreak started in October 2018 in several communities with low immunization rates for measles. ^[23] Low immunization rates were the most probable cause of outbreak. ^[24] Intensified pulse polio immunization (IPPI) campaigns using only a booth-based approach have not been sufficient to interrupt wild poliovirus transmission in different areas, where it is most persistent with low immunization coverage. ^[25] Research has been conducted to identify reasons for low immunization rates; however, the most useful studies are those that implemented interventions for identified barriers to evaluate their impact on rates of immunization. ^[26] Low immunization rates also support this situation. ^[27] In Japan, low immunization rates, particularly for optional vaccines, have resulted in high rates of sequelae and death. ^[28] Conclusion: Measles incidence tends to occur in low immunization coverage areas and has decreased from the previous year. ^[29] Even though much is being done about improving immunization status by governmental and nongovernmental institutes, still there are some areas left with low immunization coverage. ^[30] Conclusion: The low immunization coverage and the high prevalence of seronegative students reflect the need for a vaccine catch-up policy for adolescents born before the introduction of vaccination against the viral hepatitis B virus in the Expanded Program on Immunization. ^[31] 3)In the catchment areas, reported gaps included low immunization coverage and low levels of antenatal care and family planning both for Syrian and Lebanese. ^[32] Inability to track children’s vaccination history coupled with parents’ lack of awareness of vaccination due dates compounds the problem of low immunization coverage and timeliness in developing countries. ^[33] Conclusion: Low immunization status was the most probable cause of outbreak. ^[34] Despite low immunization coverage, it is possible to carry out vaccination campaigns that had an impact in Bamako district. ^[35] Low immunization coverage was the major cause of inefficiency. ^[36] Herein, we describe a prospective study that aims to develop, pilot, and validate a set of user-friendly tools to identify geographic areas with limited access to immunization services and by extension, low immunization coverage. ^[37] Introduction The protracted war in South Sudan has led to severe humanitarian crisis with high level of malnutrition and disruption of the health systems with continuous displacement of the population and low immunization coverage predisposing the population to vaccine preventable diseases. ^[38] Conclusion: There is low immunization coverage among children aged 12-23 months in the town. ^[39] The results showed an increase in the incidence of tuberculosis due to the absence of awareness campaigns and the migration of the population during the crisis to the province of Tartous, the decline in the level of income and low immunization level as a result of increasing cases of malnutrition. ^[40] Conclusions We found low immunization coverage among children in the Wonago district of southern Ethiopia, with significant differences across communities. ^[41]

Shown Low Immunization

Despite the existence of specific recommendations, patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have shown low immunization rates. ^[1] Despite the existence of specific recommendations, patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) have shown low immunization rates. ^[2]

low immunization coverage

Routine immunization (RI) delivery was declared a public health concern in Nigeria in 2017 because of persistently low immunization coverage rates reported in independent surveys. ^[1] A qualitative study was conducted comparing two districts: Kapchorwa, with low immunization coverage, and Luwero with high immunization coverage. ^[2] Low immunization coverage in Nigeria is mostly attributed to poor knowledge, compliance, accessibility and inappropriate attitude among other factors. ^[3] Frequent migrations, life in segregated communities, substandard housing, poverty, and limited access to quality health care, including low immunization coverage, affect their health status and predispose them to various diseases, including viral hepatitis. ^[4] Apart from being caused by low immunization coverage, other factors as nutritional adequacy, environmental hygiene and virulence levels of the disease also influence the occurrence of diphtheria outbreaks. ^[5] We identified 11 challenges mainly related to low immunization coverage and vaccine characteristics. ^[6] It could result in low immunization coverage in these areas and, subsequently, the probable endemicity of COVID-19 infections. ^[7] Outbreaks of diphtheria are noted in areas of low immunization coverage. ^[8] The choice of this model takes into account the random fluctuations inherent to the epidemiological characteristics of rural populations of Niger, notably a high prevalence of measles in children under 5, coupled with a very low immunization coverage. ^[9] Introduction Hoima, one of the largest districts in mid- western Uganda, has persistently performed poorly with low immunization coverage, high immunization drop outs rates and repeated outbreaks of vaccine preventable diseases especially measles. ^[10] Intensified pulse polio immunization (IPPI) campaigns using only a booth-based approach have not been sufficient to interrupt wild poliovirus transmission in different areas, where it is most persistent with low immunization coverage. ^[11] Conclusion: Measles incidence tends to occur in low immunization coverage areas and has decreased from the previous year. ^[12] Even though much is being done about improving immunization status by governmental and nongovernmental institutes, still there are some areas left with low immunization coverage. ^[13] Conclusion: The low immunization coverage and the high prevalence of seronegative students reflect the need for a vaccine catch-up policy for adolescents born before the introduction of vaccination against the viral hepatitis B virus in the Expanded Program on Immunization. ^[14] 3)In the catchment areas, reported gaps included low immunization coverage and low levels of antenatal care and family planning both for Syrian and Lebanese. ^[15] Inability to track children’s vaccination history coupled with parents’ lack of awareness of vaccination due dates compounds the problem of low immunization coverage and timeliness in developing countries. ^[16] Despite low immunization coverage, it is possible to carry out vaccination campaigns that had an impact in Bamako district. ^[17] Low immunization coverage was the major cause of inefficiency. ^[18] Herein, we describe a prospective study that aims to develop, pilot, and validate a set of user-friendly tools to identify geographic areas with limited access to immunization services and by extension, low immunization coverage. ^[19] Introduction The protracted war in South Sudan has led to severe humanitarian crisis with high level of malnutrition and disruption of the health systems with continuous displacement of the population and low immunization coverage predisposing the population to vaccine preventable diseases. ^[20] Conclusion: There is low immunization coverage among children aged 12-23 months in the town. ^[21] Conclusions We found low immunization coverage among children in the Wonago district of southern Ethiopia, with significant differences across communities. ^[22]

low immunization rate

Very Low Immunization Rate in Kidney Transplant Recipients After One Dose of the BNT162b2 Vaccine: Beware not to Lower the Guard! Hélène Georgery, MD, Arnaud Devresse, MD, Jean-Cyr Yombi, MD, Leila Belkhir, MD, PhD, Julien De Greef, MD, Tom Darius, MD, PhD, Antoine Buemi, MD, Anais Scohy, PharmD, Benoit Kabamba, MD, Eric Goffin, MD, and Nada Kanaan, MD. ^[1] Despite the existence of specific recommendations, patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have shown low immunization rates. ^[2] Despite the existence of specific recommendations, patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) have shown low immunization rates. ^[3] Low Immunization Rate in Kidney Transplant Recipients Also After Dose 2 of the BNT162b2 Vaccine: Continue to Keep Your Guard up! Karsten Midtvedt, MD, PhD, Trung Tran, PhD, Krystina Parker, MD, PhD, Hans-Peter Marti, MD, Aud-E. ^[4] A strategic, globally coordinated replacement of trivalent OPV with bivalent 1, 3 OPV in 2016 reduced the incidence of vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP) but allowed the escape of type 2 vaccine–derived polioviruses (VDPV2) in areas with low immunization rates and use of monovalent OPV2 in response seeded new VDPV2 outbreaks and reestablishment of type 2 endemicity. ^[5] 1,2 While research has suggested that immunocompromised kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) who received mRNA-based vaccines show low immunization rates,3-5 the question as to whether this also applies to KTRs with a past history of COVID-19 remains unanswered. ^[6] Only the data of human sera with Pfizer-BioNTech (BNT162b2) mRNA vaccine against the two mutations E484K and N501Y are available, and they show low immunization rate, which is unexpected. ^[7] ABSTRACT Measles is a highly infectious virus and one of the leading causes of childhood morbidity and mortality in areas with low immunization rates. ^[8] The New York outbreak started in October 2018 in several communities with low immunization rates for measles. ^[9] Low immunization rates were the most probable cause of outbreak. ^[10] Research has been conducted to identify reasons for low immunization rates; however, the most useful studies are those that implemented interventions for identified barriers to evaluate their impact on rates of immunization. ^[11] Low immunization rates also support this situation. ^[12] In Japan, low immunization rates, particularly for optional vaccines, have resulted in high rates of sequelae and death. ^[13]