Introduction to Low Grade Inflammation

Background and Purpose The impact of low-grade inflammation (LGI) on stroke recurrence has not been well studied yet.

The role of immunosenescence inducing chronic low-grade inflammation in this asthma subtype remains to be elucidated.

Moreover, cardiovascular and sudomotor function, glycaemic control, brain sensory processing and presence of low-grade inflammation will be investigated as secondary outcome measures.

Low-grade inflammation, increased oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and intestinal dysbiosis are also involved in its pathogenesis.

Conclusion: Assessment of hs-CRP, marker of low-grade inflammation and parameters of nitrosative stress is necessary for the diabetics as they are established independent potent risk factors for CVD.

Objective Black adults are less likely than White adults to present with adverse lipid profiles and more likely to present with low-grade inflammation.

Biomarkers of low-grade inflammation have been associated with susceptibility to a severe infectious disease course, even when measured prior to disease onset.

Lingonberries have been shown to prevent low-grade inflammation and diet-induced obesity in diabetic animals.

Evidence shows that the pathogenesis of obesity and obesity-associated chronic diseases are closely related to dysregulation of lipid metabolism, glucose metabolism and cholesterol metabolism, and oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, abnormal gut microbiome and chronic low-grade inflammation.

Epidemiological studies suggest that whole grain intake has inverse associations with low-grade inflammation, but findings regarding refined grains are inconclusive.

Low-grade inflammation and concurrent high levels of workplace stress or depression has been related with future morbidity.

Conclusion: This study provided additional data of interest to examine the pathophysiologic role of low-grade inflammation and basopenia in patients with CSU and resistant to AHs and omalizumab.

The current retrospective population-based cross-sectional study, utilizing data from a large nation-wide health maintenance organization in Israel which provides services to estimated 725,000 members, aimed to assess the clinical signs and laboratory markers of autoimmune comorbidity and low-grade inflammation, in patients with TRD.

BACKGROUND Sustained fuel excess triggers low-grade inflammation that can drive mitochondrial dysfunction, a pivotal defect in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance in skeletal muscle.

An accumulating body of evidence supports an independent association between high blood pressure (BP) and periodontitis, possibly mediated by low-grade inflammation.

Obesity causes a chronic low-grade inflammation in the tissues that further increases the chances of developing diabetes.

Introduction Systemic chronic low-grade inflammation has been linked to insulin resistance (IR) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH).

Gut microbiota-mediated inflammation promotes obesity-associated low-grade inflammation, which represents a hallmark of metabolic syndrome.

Conclusion Compared with findings in healthy controls, AD was associated with a significantly lower CLR abundance of the health-linked Christensenellaceae and a significantly higher prevalence of Flavonifractor; findings that are associated with enhanced oxidative stress and systemic low-grade inflammation.

INTRODUCTION: Chronic, low-grade inflammation plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome (MS).

Also during obesity, both chronic low-grade inflammation and whole-body metabolic homeostasis remained largely unaltered in mice with Acly-deficient myeloid cells.

Other investigations will include transthoracic echocardiography with quantification of epicardial adipose tissue, and markers of low-grade inflammation and circulating adipokines.

High fructose consumption has been linked to low-grade inflammation and insulin resistance that results in increased intracellular 11ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) activity.

The biological mechanisms underpinning these pathologies often overlap and include loss of proteostasis, impaired redox functioning, and chronic low-grade inflammation.

These are characterized by chronic low-grade inflammation and metabolic alterations.

Aging is accompanied by chronic low-grade inflammation (inflammaging), which is a risk factor for low handgrip strength (HGS) and activities of daily living (ADL) disability.

These arise as a result of chronic low-grade inflammation, trauma, hormonal influence and other causes.

Underlying low-grade inflammation (LGI) has been theorized as one of its pathophysiological mechanisms.

Obesity is characterized by low-grade inflammation, and gut dysbiosis is associated with obesity, chronic inflammation, and failure of cancer immunotherapy.

Background Evidence indicates that low-grade inflammation is involved in manychronic diseases of ageing.

Increased basal low-grade inflammation is observed with advancing age, which is augmented by physical inactivity.

The persistent catabolism is driven by a pathologic low-grade inflammation with the inability to return to homeostasis and by ongoing increased energy expenditure.

These changes result in unhealthy hypertrophic adipocytes with decreased capacity to store fat, low-grade inflammation and loss of insulin-producing pancreatic β-cells.

Adipokines are an indispensable link between metabolism and optimal immune system function; however, their dysregulation in obesity contributes to chronic low-grade inflammation and disease pathology.

Obesity is associated with chronic low-grade inflammation that eventually leads to metabolic complications.

BACKGROUND Chronic low-grade inflammation has been associated with high risk of several chronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, depression, and dementia.

Obesity itself is related to chronic low-grade inflammation, and SARS-CoV-2 infection creates an environment of an inflammatory storm by excessive activation of cytokines, thus creating a vicious cycle of injury and organ damage.

Here, our results suggested that supplementation of raw and ripened PETe displayed similar anti-obesogenic effect in high fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity mice, by attenuating the body weight gain, fat accumulation, oxidative injury, and low-grade inflammation, improving the glucose tolerance, alleviating the metabolic endotoxemia, and regulating the mRNA and protein expression levels of the lipid metabolism-related genes.

Serum proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) levels have been recently recognized as biomarkers of low-grade inflammation and cardiovascular disease.

We tested the hypothesis that low-grade inflammation is unequally associated with vascular dysfunction in different ethnic groups.

Chronic Low-Grade Inflammation (CLGI) is a non-overt inflammatory state characterized by a continuous activation of inflammation mediators associated with metabolic diseases.

A growing body of evidence confirms that immune activation and low-grade inflammation could be defined as risks factors for the development and progression of mood episodes.

Introduction Schizophrenia pathogenesis is known to be associated with chronic low-grade inflammation.

Among the consequences of NLRP3 inflammasome activation is systemic chronic low-grade inflammation, a cardinal feature of obesity and insulin resistance.

We propose that SHH is a key mediator between OA-MSC and OA chondrocytes interaction in human OA cartilage via two mechanisms: (1) SHH mediates MSC growth and aging by activating not only its proliferation and chondrogenesis, but also low-grade inflammation and replicative senescence, and (2) SHH mediates OA-MSC-induced OAC catabolism and apoptosis by creating a pro-inflammatory microenvironment favoring tissue degeneration during OA pathogenesis.

Background Chronic superphysiological glucose and insulin concentrations are known to trigger several tissue and organ failures, including insulin resistance, oxidative stress and chronic low-grade inflammation.

High-fat and high simple sugar diets determine a derangement of the gut microbiota, with an increase of gut permeability and systemic low-grade inflammation.

This study aimed to examine the effects of Lactobacillus plantarum, a lactic acid bacteria strain isolated from kimchi, on the development of low-grade inflammation and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) exacerbated by chronic stress.

Chronic low-grade inflammation is implicated in obesity-driven metabolic complications.

Objectives We compared the prevalence of CRP-based low-grade inflammation (LGI) across major depressive disorder (MDD), bipolar disorder (BD) and OCD, taking into account multiple individual variables that may affect CRP levels.

In particular, the MWM theories of hypoxia and inflammation were applied to explain the “dampness-heat” syndrome of TCM, and we summarized and proposed the pathological path of obesity: lipotoxicity, hypoxia or chronic low-grade inflammation, IR, and metabolic disorders.

Individuals who are overweight or suffering from obesity are in a chronic state of low-grade inflammation, making them particularly susceptible to developing severe forms of respiratory failure.

Chronic, low-grade inflammation has a widespread and significant impact on health, especially in Western society.

Low-grade inflammation and metabolic syndrome are seen in many chronic diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA).

Biomarker assessment using high-sensitivity C-reactive protein plasma levels of greater than 2 mg/dL identified individuals with seemingly metabolically healthy obesity and low-grade inflammation who also derived microvascular benefit from weight loss surgery.

Background: Dietary components are known to affect chronic low-grade inflammation status.

Further, increased waist circumference predicted worsening low-grade inflammation, increasing further the cardiovascular risk.

In the obese state, macrophages infiltrate into enlarged adipose tissue and polarize into pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages, resulting in chronic low-grade inflammation due to the secretion of inflammatory mediators.

Obesity is intimately related to low-grade inflammation, with increased pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion and macrophage infiltration in white adipose tissue (WAT).

Background: Chronic low-grade inflammation and alterations in innate and adaptive immunity were reported in Type 2 diabetes (T2D).

Probiotics intervention can regulate the gut microbiota and relieve the systemic and chronic low-grade inflammation, which is an alternative to relieving metabolic syndrome.

Chronic Mg deficiency may result in increased oxidative stress and low-grade inflammation, which may be linked to several age-related diseases, including higher predisposition to infectious diseases.

Background: Low-grade inflammation has been implicated in the etiology of depression, long-term fatigue and chronic pain.

In the case of obesity, gut microbiota seems to play a role in the development of low-grade inflammation.

Chronic low-grade inflammation with local upregulation of proinflammatory molecules plays a role in the progression of obesity-related renal injury.

Our data show some evidence of efficacy of add-on treatment with minocycline in MDD patients but only in those with low-grade inflammation defined as CRP ≥3 mg/L.

Background and Objectives Obesity is the accumulation of adipose tissue caused by excess energy in the body, accompanied by long-term chronic low-grade inflammation of adipose tissue.

Given the role of low-grade inflammation in the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder (MDD), anti-inflammatory strategies may improve treatment outcomes in some patients.

Little is known about the development of low-grade inflammation with age and its relationship with the onset of frailty.

In various non-communicable diseases, the protective mode of the immune system indicates low-grade inflammation without apparent cause.

As the pool of the available GSH molecules is fixed, any increase of its utilisation can leave patients with chronic low-grade inflammation unprotected from a disease that can prove fatal.

Excessive fat accumulation triggers a state of chronic low-grade inflammation to the detriment of numerous organs.

ConclusionsThe chronic low-grade inflammation associated with obesity can cause a predisposition to migraine chronification.

Obesity is associated with chronic low-grade inflammation, characterised by the up-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines in obese adipose tissue.

Chronic low-grade inflammation has been speculated to accelerate the aging process as well as the development of age-related diseases such as frailty.

The final cluster analyses revealed six clusters labelled pain tolerant & good cognitions, restored HPA dynamics, orthostatic intolerance, low-grade inflammation, pain intolerant & poor cognitions, and high vagal (parasympathetic) activity, respectively.

Moreover, TG mitigated low-grade inflammation in the colon and intestinal barrier disruption, and the abundances of several bacterial genera highly correlated with the HPA axis and inflammation in CUMS rats.

Sarcopenia, broadly defined as the age-related decline in skeletal muscle mass, quality, and function, is associated with chronic low-grade inflammation and an increased likelihood of adverse health outcomes.

Low-grade inflammation and hyperactivation of the sympathetic nervous system during psychological stress are also physiological changes detrimental to bone health.

Hyperglycemia can also contribute to chronic, low-grade inflammation resulting in compromised immune function.

6 ± 13 years, 69% female, Harvey-Bradshaw Index mean 31± 55) exhibited increased peripheral low-grade inflammation compared with HCs, demonstrated by higher serum levels of interleukin (IL)-6 (mean 4.

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a structural component of Gram-negative bacteria, induces low-grade inflammation and disturbs GI homeostasis.

High-fat diet (HFD) consumption has been linked to dyslipidemia, low-grade inflammation and oxidative stress.

Our study suggested that macronutrient intake is an important predictor of gut microbiota dysbiosis and is associated with obesity, low-grade inflammation, and poor glycemic control in post-GDM women.

Chronic low-grade inflammation and endothelial dysfunction plays a key role in the pathogenesis of PCOS and they are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease.

The decrease in NLR levels may also be associated with the protective effects of sleeve gastrectomy against low-grade inflammation-related diseases.

When SC accumulate, a chronic, systemic, low-grade inflammation, known as inflammaging, is induced.

Its relation with increased cancer risk and influence on anti-cancer therapy is not new, especially in association with the low-grade inflammation that characterizes adiposity (1–3).

SUMMARY Macrophages contribute to the induction and resolution of inflammation and play a central role in the chronic low-grade inflammation in cardiovascular diseases caused by atherosclerosis.

Calprotectin levels increased with age, suggesting the establishment of chronic low-grade inflammation in puppies.