Introduction to Low Cost Adsorbents

It also encompasses the low-cost adsorbents ranging from agricultural waste to industrial waste explaining the adsorption reaction condition.

This study aimed to transform tobacco from illegal cigarettes into high-efficiency and low-cost adsorbents, and test them in the remediation of lead-contaminated water resources.

Similar, perilous circumstances exist in many other countries and consequently, there is a dire need to develop cost-effective decentralized filtration unit utilizing low-cost adsorbents for eliminating arsenic from water.

During the past decades, physical, chemical, and biological remediation technologies were used for the removal of heavy metals from industrial wastewater, including the use of efficient low-cost adsorbents such as fly ash, peat moss, activated carbon, bioremediation, red mud, and biomass.

This paper aims to assess the potential of the composted sugarcane pressmud, as a reactive material for lead and zinc, comparing its adsorption, desorption, bioaccessibility, and cost/efficiency with more traditionally studied low-cost adsorbents for potentially toxic metals.

The structural properties, reusability, and high adsorption capabilities of DSMS indicate that they could be used as low-cost adsorbents in large-scale Cr(VI) wastewater treatment.

The specific treatment in the current research consists of adsorption using low-cost adsorbents and microfiltration using Whatman-41 microfilters.

The objective of this chapter is to emphasize the numerous low-cost adsorbents such as locally available natural materials, various agricultural wastes, and their indigenous preparation toward the effective adsorbent and greater removal efficiency for the removal of heavy metal contamination in wastewater.

Walnut shells were used as raw materials to prepare original ecological biochar (OBC), illite modified biochar (IBC), FeCl3 modified biochar (magnetic biochar; MBC), and illite and FeCl3 modified biochar (IMBC), which were tested as low-cost adsorbents.

The review of the relevant literature indicates that the maximum removal efficiency of Cr(VI) using the various low-cost adsorbents ranged from 50.

The aim of the research was to prepare low-cost adsorbents, including raw date pits and chemically treated date pits, and to apply these materials to investigate the adsorption behavior of Cr(III) and Cd(II) ions from wastewater.

In this paper, we use Tunisian clay materials as alternative low-cost adsorbents, as well as substrates to immobilise TiO2 for the decolouration of methylene blue (MB) dye solutions.

This paper presents a study on the batch adsorption of bisphenol A (BPA) from aqueous solution on raw lignite (BC) and its fly ash (FA) to explore their potential use as low-cost adsorbents for water purification.

The abilities of microorganisms to remove metal ions in solution have been extensively studied; in particular, live and dead fungi have been recognized as a promising class of low-cost adsorbents for the removal of heavy metal ions.

75 mm) as low-cost adsorbents for simultaneous removal of Cd2+ and Pb2+ in wastewater.

Several technologies are available to remove silver nanoparticles, but the adsorption process using low-cost adsorbents is a promising alternative to mitigate silver nanoparticle pollution in the bulk stage.

We compared the methods of removing the nitrate from water in this research and ultimately, discussed the surface absorption method as a method with high adsorption efficiency using low-cost adsorbents of plant wastes.

Currently, researchers have intensified their search for low-cost adsorbents like activated carbon produced from nonfossil sources.

Natural porous materials such as nanoporous clays are used as green and low-cost adsorbents and catalysts.

The estimated isothermal and kinetic results indicated that the sludge of borax production waste can be preferred as an alternative for the preparation of low-cost adsorbents.

Among the low-cost adsorbents, the application of agricultural waste, as bio-adsorbent, is the most widely used for removing heavy metals and dyes.

The efficiency of Na–Be and Na–Be450 as low-cost adsorbents to remove nickel and silver from aqueous solution was checked.

In this context, it is vital to explore the potential of low-cost adsorbents for desulfurization.

Recently, low-cost adsorbents from sustainable sources are required for the remediation of textile wastewater.

Furthermore, the preparation of these low-cost adsorbents as well as their removal efficiencies, relative cost and limitation are discussed.

In this review, date-pits activated carbons, microemulsions-modified date pits, and cellulose nanocrystals as low-cost adsorbents were thoroughly reviewed and discussed.

Biomass-derived heteroatom-doped porous carbon-based materials are emerging as low-cost adsorbents for removing common pollutants, although the adsorption performance is still unsatisfactory and the main adsorption mechanisms are still controversial.

This review is aimed at exploring the possibilities of recovering Chromium ions using several low-cost adsorbents through wastewater processing.

According to the results, bentonites have a great potential to be applied as low-cost adsorbents for the treatment of mining effluents, especially for removing fatty acid-based collectors, contributing to a more sustainable process.

Thus, many researchers have focused their efforts on optimizing adsorption process by development of novel, low-cost adsorbents with high adsorptive capacity, such as natural materials originating from food industry byproducts (biosorbents).

Adsorption of organic dyes is an alternative for removing these pollutants, but efficient and low-cost adsorbents are required.

Oxidized-fibers, cellulose, and oxidized-nanocellulose were isolated from sponge-gourd fibers (Luffa cylindrica) and used as natural, non-toxic, and low-cost adsorbents.

In present study, a review of various low-cost adsorbents have evaluated to emphasis most effective and viable materials for metal removal to ensure environmental and health safety.

Acanthospermum hispidum weed represents a ready available source of low-cost adsorbents in sub-Saharan Africa that has barely been paid attention.

AB-PRB was comprising a mixture of low-cost adsorbents in an optimum proportion, whereas BSB-PBR carried C.

Therefore, the utilization of wooden forestry residues for preparing low-cost adsorbents is promising.

The obtained results indicated that both adsorbents are efficient and low-cost adsorbents for effective removal of MB dye with privilege in the efficiency for bentonite and with no cost for CKD.

In this study, low-cost adsorbents (rice husk ash (RHA) and silica (RHS)) were prepared from rice husks purchased locally from a rice mill industry and characterised.

Therefore, development of high-efficiency, non-toxic, renewable, and low-cost adsorbents for dyestuff wastewater is imperative.

This investigation contributes to understand the physicochemical variables associated to dye adsorption using low-cost adsorbents as bone char.

The routine of low-cost adsorbents derived from plant or agricultural by-products as a substitute for expensive traditional removal methods of heavy metal from discarded streams has been investigat.

Heavy metals can be successfully removed by easily available, eco-friendly and low-cost adsorbents which include the wastes/products of natural (chitin, silicate porous material, clay and zeolites, vermiculite, cyclodextrin, chitosan, starch and its derivatives, alginates, fly ash), agricultural (walnut shell, Turkish coffee, waste tea, black gram, neem bark, coconut shell, coconut husk, coal, oil palm shell, sugarcane bagasse, rice, wool, waste tea, peat moss, Turkish coffee, exhausted coffee, crop biomass, rice straw, rice hulls, rice husk, rice, soybean hull, papaya wood, peanut shell, peanut, citrus fruits, palm date pits, black gram, wool, cassava waste, carrot residues, banana and orange peels, sugar-beet pectin gels, black gram husk) and industrial (waste rubber tire, waste slurry, lignin, fly ash, red mud)) origin.

The performance and efficacy of low-cost adsorbents were evaluated using parameters, including transmittance and non-purgeable organic carbon (NPOC).

Low-cost adsorbents derived from agricultural by-products incorporated magnetic nanoparticles (NPs) are promising and novel adsorbents for water/wastewater treatment due to their outstanding performance and easy separation.

For these reasons, to utilize the agricultural waste and low-cost adsorbents operation can be considered as eco-friendly.

The uses of low-cost adsorbents are also effective in wastewater treatment.

Layered double hydroxides are traditional positively charged inorganic materials generally considered as efficient and low-cost adsorbents for the removal of anionic organic molecules.

Therefore, the residuals of iron adsorption onto activated carbons could be reused as new low-cost adsorbents for antibiotics removal from wastewater.

The low-cost adsorbents with high adsorption capacity and eco-friendly properties are a new economical way to adsorption process.

Percolating reactor configurations and the use of low-cost adsorbents, nanoparticles and micro-aeration seem the most suitable approaches to increase volumetric production and reduce initial capital investment costs.

The results showed that the prepared activated carbons are effective low-cost adsorbents for Fe(III) removal from aqueous solutions.

Special focus is given to available studies conducted over the last ten years (2010–2020) to draw an in-depth knowledge on the formulation and characterization of geopolymers as efficient, environmentally-friendly low-cost adsorbents for elimination, decontamination, and purification of inorganic and organic hazardous pollutants from aqueous environments.

Agricultural and industrial wastes or by-products can be used as low-cost adsorbents for pharmaceuticals removal.

This study evaluated the adsorption of fluoride using two low-cost adsorbents: granular palm shell activated carbon and its modification with the prepared chitosan of prawn shells.

In order to make this method more economical, many researchers have carried out researches on the preparation of low-cost adsorbents, especially from vegetable wastes.

For instance, removal of water pollutants has been recently done using low-cost adsorbents.

Alternatively, adsorption techniques have played a pivotal role in water and wastewater treatment for a long, but their rise in attraction is proportional with the continuous emergence of new micropollutants in the aquatic environment and new discoveries of sustainable and low-cost adsorbents.

The adsorption phenomenon using low-cost adsorbents that are abundant in nature is of great interest when the adsorbed capacity is significant.

It is also aimed to synthesize the current literature data concerning low-cost adsorbents by systematically highlighting both their characteristics and capacities.

In order to tackle these problems, the development of efficient and low-cost adsorbents for water purification application becomes primordial.

Given the excellent adsorption capacities, stability at different pH and salt concentrations, ability to be regenerated and reused, both SA and MSA would be deemed suitable new, potential low-cost adsorbents to remove the CV dye in wastewater treatment.

This review also presents an overview of low cost adsorbents, titania based nanoadsorbent and hybrid titania nanostructures for the removal of arsenic.

The aim of this study is to eliminate the colour pigment of anthocyanin in the composition of turnip juice under different experimental conditions using low cost adsorbents (eggshells, pumpkin seed hulls, almond shells, black–green–red tea wastes, natural clay material).

Low cost adsorbents prepared from the epicarp of Raphia hookeri fruit were used for the removal of copper (II) ion from aqueous solution.

The findings of this study suggested that the hydrochars from waste biomass could be considered as the low cost adsorbents for Cr(VI) removal and this would help in environmental applications for heavy metals removal.

In this work, rice husk and burned rice husk were used as low cost adsorbents to remove a cationic dye, Basic Yellow 51(BY51) , from aqueous solution by adsorption.

These results point out suitability of the locally available low cost adsorbents in the niche area of wastewater treatment and can be implemented in commercial dye enriched industrial effluent.

Bentonite and Kaolinite clay sediments - as low cost adsorbents- were prepared, characterized, and tested for uranium removal from uranium rich-soil of Wadi Um Hamad region S.

Various low cost adsorbents have been studied for their applicability in treatment of different types of effluents.

In the present study, we have removed Ni2+ and Cd2+ ions from synthetically prepared waste water under batch experiments using the waste leaves of Quercus leucotrichophora as low cost adsorbents.

All the nanocrystalline zeolites X were found to be superior to other low cost adsorbents including the commercially available zeolite X towards various metal ions and dyes.

In the search for cleaner production processes, which tend to value by - products, this work evaluated the potential application of the Moringa oleifera pod as a low cost adsorbents in the removal of diclofenac.

Hence the removal of Pb (II) from water using the carbons prepared from Garlic peels can act as possible low cost adsorbents for the removal of Pb (II) from water.

Obtained results demonstrates the applicability of the asphaltene-derived materials in adsorption processes as highly effective and low cost adsorbents.

The present study was an attempt to utilize unwanted weeds as a resource with the objective to evaluate the removal efficiency of two low cost adsorbents named as Raw Parthenium hysterophorus (RPH) and Raw Saccharum munja (RSM) for adsorption of dyes like Congo red (CR), Methylene blue (MB) and Crystal violet (CV).