Introduction to Long Lasting Alterations

What is/are Long Lasting Alterations?

Long Lasting Alterations - Substance use disorder (SUD) is a chronic neuropsychiatric condition characterized by long-lasting alterations in the neural circuitry regulating reward and motivation. ^[1] Studies with human subjects indicate that ethanol exposure during fetal development causes long-lasting alterations in motor coordination that are, in part, a consequence of cerebellar damage. ^[2] In addition to providing partial protection against pediatric tuberculosis, vaccination with bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) has been reported to confer non-specific resistance to unrelated pulmonary pathogens, a phenomenon attributed to the induction of long-lasting alterations within the myeloid cell compartment. ^[3] In summary, we showed that a maternal HFD during pregnancy and lactation triggered several epigenetic mechanisms in the brains of rat offspring, which may be related to long-lasting alterations in the next generation and produce behavioral changes in offspring, including a depressive-like phenotype. ^[4] Long-lasting alterations in synaptic strength due to changes in expression, phosphorylation, or function of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid receptors (AMPARs) have been associated with alterations in neuronal synaptic plasticity. ^[5] Those who survive infection have been exposed to a stimulus that can impose long-lasting alterations into later life. ^[6] In conclusion, in addition to cognitive deficits, chronic cocaine in rodents may induce long-lasting alterations in exploratory activity and psychomotor activation that are triggered even in absence of drug-related stimuli. ^[7] Bioinformatic analyses revealed stress- and hypoxia-response metabolic pathways in the neonates, which produced long-lasting alterations in mitochondrial energy metabolism and epigenetic processes (DNA and chromatin modifications). ^[8] Transient retinal vessels dilation could serve a biomarker for systemic inflammation while long-lasting alterations seen in severe COVID-19 likely reflect irreversible structural damage to the vessels walls and should be further investigated for their possible effects on tissues perfusion and function. ^[9] Although it is not a model of reactivation, the rat is beginning to inform how VZV infection can evoke a pain response and induce long-lasting alterations to nociception. ^[10] After 21 off-drug days, long-lasting alterations in the glia, microvessel architecture and to cognitive tasks were evaluated by GFAP, CD11b and von Willebrand immunostaining and by short-term and working memory assessment. ^[11] We have recently shown that ketamine anesthesia, immediately after a traumatic event, enhances memory consolidation and leads to long-lasting alterations of social behavior in rats. ^[12] In animal models, prolonged exposure to opioids may produce latent sensitization and long-lasting alterations in descending pain modulation; this work provides potential mechanistic links for opioid use leading to worsening of headaches. ^[13] It is currently hypothesized that levels of environmental adversity in this early developmental period are able to shape the experience-dependent maturation of stress-regulating pathways leading to long-lasting alterations in stress responsivity during adulthood. ^[14] Bioinformatic analyses revealed mechanisms involving stress- and hypoxia-response metabolic pathways in the brains of the neonatal mice, which appear to lead to long-lasting alterations in mitochondrial-energy metabolism, and epigenetic processes pertaining to DNA and chromatin modifications. ^[15] Conclusions pAN patients showed long lasting alterations in habenular connectivity. ^[16] Noxious impulses from damaged tissue evoke long lasting alterations in the central nervous system. ^[17] These differences may reflect long lasting alterations in brain development specific to individual with CHD. ^[18]