Introduction to Large Excess

More importantly, a column filled with Ca-MOF (1% wt) particles dispersed in silica sand (99% wt) can quantitatively remove traces of Pb2+ (∼100 ppb) from a relatively large volume of a wastewater simulant solution (containing a large excess of competitive ions).

An alkoxide-methanol solution was gradually added dropwise to 50 °C refined palm oil (RPO), and the solution was imaged periodically using an LCD digital microscope until the alcohol phase was in large excess.

The selective remediation of 99 TcO4 - in the presence of a large excess of NO3 - and SO4 2- from natural waste systems represents a significant scientific and technical challenge, since anions with a higher charge density are often preferentially sorbed by traditional anion-exchange materials.

Here we find that MI mouse oocytes contain a large excess of securin over separase and reveal the existence of a novel mechanism that functions to promote the destruction of excess securin in prometaphase.

It displays high selectivity for Eu3+ (simulant of An3+) against a large excess of interfering ions.

If the esterification reaction occurs at or near the microbubble interface, ethanol is in large excess in the bubble phase, as acetic acid is well below its boiling point in the liquid phase.

The spectral diffusion seen in the 2D spectra was found to have a large polarization dependence, in large excess of what is predicted by standard theory.

Without molybdate, the formation of AuNPs is significantly hindered because a large excess of Cl− renders the AuCl4− precursor resistant to direct photoreduction with ethanol.

In Glasgow especially, however, a large excess remains: thus, previously articulated policy implications (addressing poverty, vulnerability and inequality) still apply.

However, these studies do not identify the optimal dose of the unlabeled mAbs required to block uptake of the radiolabeled mAbs, because they examine only administration of a large excess of the unlabeled mAbs for blocking.

For synthesizing carboxylic acid derivatives, Heck carbonylation using CO surrogates in slight excess has become a more efficient and practical method than the conventional one using large excess of CO gas.

However, this is resolved by using a tBuOK initiator with a large excess of cryptand-222.

A large excess of over 40 potentially interfering excipients, commonly present in dosage forms were tested in the determination of paracetamol at 100μgL-1 level, do not intervene in the determination process.

By exploiting these principles, we showed that the externally applied voltage could be used to selectively bind a specific cage from a mixture containing a large excess of other cages.

However, the existing chemo-enzymatic deracemization method employing D-amino acid oxidase from Fusarium solani M-0718 (FsDAAO) suffers from the requirement for a large excess of a nonselective chemical reducing agent.

The material with inherent structural advantages displays excellent sorption for heavy metals such as Pb2+, Cu2+, Cd2+, and Tl+, maintaining its high selectivity with distribution coefficients, Kd, of 104-105 mL/g even in the presence of a large excess of Na+, K+, Mg2+, and Ca2+, which are commonly present in underground water.

In particular, dianthryl-TTFV exhibits unique selectivity for C70 fullerene, giving rise to effective fluorescence turn-on sensing of C70 in the presence of a large excess of C60 fullerene.

CONCLUSION ddPCR appeared to be more sensitive method for detection FGFR3 gene mutation particularly for detecting low levels of tumor DNA amongst a large excess of nontumor DNA.

However, for the mixture with a large excess volume (containing water), the diffusion coefficients in the molar reference frame differ significantly, even indicating negative main diffusion coefficients.

It was found that the methylation occurs quantitatively up to 50% of the PIP nitrogen atoms and that, even if a large excess of methylating agent is used, in our operating conditions a maximum of 80% of the PIP nitrogen atoms are ionized.

In view of theranostic application of the micelle, the cytotoxicity and stability in a physiological environment was investigated; the mixed micelle exhibited no cytotoxicity, high colloidal stability and high resistance towards reduction by large excess ascorbic acid.

The contradiction between this pattern of expansion, as determined by criteria of efficiency, with respect to the pattern of steel demand, typically cyclical, explains the formation of a large excess capacityworldwide.

However, unlike the Ni-aluminosilicates, those Ni-MOFs require a large excess of co-catalyst to initiate the dimerization process and some catalysts generate polymers which lead to catalyst deactivation.

CONCLUSION Cooking dry pasta in a large excess of water (ie, 10 L kg-1 ), as commonly suggested by the great majority of pasta manufacturers, might be pointless.

The concentration dependences of the observed pseudo-first-order rate constants were provided for the substitution reactions of the citrato complex, [Ru(Cit)(p-cymene)], with a large excess of the sulfur-containing amino acids at various temperatures at pH 7.

The clipping noise in ACO-OFDM and SEE-OFDM is found to consume a large excess bandwidth.

Room temperature and frozen solution EPR spectra support the existence of MLH-1, MLH-2 and ML2H-1 (a large excess was required for the ML2H-1 species).

The ternary interactions of water, ethanol, and butyric acid allow all three to vaporize in the stripping distillation, thus they are concentrated in the low wines and give a large excess of ethanol compared to butyric acid for better reaction completion.

9 mM-1 s-1 at 20 MHz, 25 °C), which is retained in the presence of large excess of endogenous anions, excluding ternary complex formation.

In turn, the real similarity profile (SIMPROF) moves markedly away from the obtained low permutation with a large excess of Euclidean similarity with a Pi value of 0.

In biophysical experiments in vitro, AS69 highly sub-stoichiometrically inhibited auto-catalytic secondary nucleation processes, even in the presence of a large excess of monomer.

Kinetic studies were realized with the pseudo-first-order principle, meaning that hydroxyls are in large excess when compared to the isocyanate groups.

The output performance of ZnO piezoelectric nanogenerators (NGs) has been limited because of the potential screening of large excess intrinsic electron carriers in ZnO.

In that cohort where mortality data are used, a large excess of CAD events is seen while strokes are less frequent than expected in FH with only 5% of deaths being due to stroke with a standardized mortality ratio of 0.

In spite of a large excess of energy provided, only about 30% of the micrometric crystal liquefies in the first 20-25 ns because of the long persistence of the superheated metastable phase that extends for more than 100 ns.

This strain is able to resist deliberate contamination in large excess and should be a useful chassis for metabolic engineering and biotechnological applications using cyanobacteria.

The main advantages of the solid-support synthesis are as follows: first, each reaction step can be driven to completion using a large excess of reagents resulting in high yields; next, the use of commercially available starting materials and reagents keep the costs low; finally, the reaction steps are easy to purify via simple filtration.

03 and 923 K, indicating highly non-ideal solution behavior with a large excess partial molar Gibbs energy (−164 kJ mol−1).

In the presence of a large excess of 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol (a proton donor), bulk electrolyses of 1a or 1b at a potential on the first peak give phenylacetamide exclusively.

In contrast to other reported cluster transformations, which proceed at elevated temperature and large excess of incoming ligands, the transformation reported here occurs under mild conditions (room temperature, very low thiol excess) with a chiral ligand.

The rapid and quantitative reaction without using a large excess of BNN3 metal-free and polar-solvent-free nature, and broad polymer scope are attractive feature of this azidation.

Moreover, the selective and simultaneous detection of MO and CO was achieved in large excess of AA and UA, as well as, for the first time, in unprocessed human plasma.

Herein, we report a cationic metal-organic framework (TJNU-216, TJNU = Tianjin Normal University), with ultra-high selectivity in trapping perrhenate/pertechnetate in the presence of a large excess of SO42- (20 000 times) or NO3- (300 times), and the highest exchange capacity of 417 mg g-1 (1 mol mol-1).

A large excess in the yield of $\mathrm{J/\psi}$ at very low transverse momentum (${p}_\mathrm{T}<\mathrm{300 MeV/}c$) and forward rapidity (2.

Precise quantification of intracellular cccDNA is challenging because cccDNA is present in very low levels in hepatocytes, where it also co-exists with a large excess amount of relaxed circular (rc) DNA.

The elevated ROS levels are in part responsible for further progression of cancer, but when produced in a large excess, they endanger the viability of the cancer cells.

HBV subviral particles are produced in large excess over virions in infected patients and are the primary source of HBsAg, which is postulated to be important in allowing HBV to chronically persist by interfering with immune function.

In addition, the catalysis can be prevented by a large excess of nucleophile, where substrate inhibition dominates, and the use of tritylated anilines as substrates causes a negative feedback loop, whereby the liberated product destroys the catalyst and stops the reaction.

15 K and 8 MPa), the methane molecules are affected by van der Waals and electrostatic forces that leads to a large excess in the adsorption capacity of methane.

This strain is able to resist deliberate contamination in large excess and should be a useful chassis for metabolic engineering and biotechnological applications using cyanobacteria.

1% mutDNA can be detected in the presence of a large excess of wild-type KRAS DNA (wtDNA), indicating the high sensitivity and specificity of the method.

The current response due to DA oxidation was enhanced by the follow-up chemical reaction between dopamine-o-quinone (the oxidation product of DA) and AA present in large excess, converting a potential interferant into a partner.

For the first time, the NMR methodology is applied on a formulation (licensed vaccine) containing a large excess of excipient (i.

The pectin methylesterase action is usually studied in a homogeneous aqueous medium in the presence of a large excess of soluble substrate and water.

Competing reaction pathways were blocked by addition of a large excess of a monomeric capping agent.

In spite of the importance of the application of allylic C–H bond oxidation of olefins in organic synthesis and existence of the numerous reports, lots of limitations such as large excess of the olefin respect to the oxidant, low chemical yield, long time of reaction and a large amount of the catalyst were reminded.

In biophysical experiments in vitro, AS69 highly sub-stoichiometrically inhibited both primary and autocatalytic secondary nucleation processes, even in the presence of a large excess of monomer.

However, in most cells analyzed, β4-integrin is expressed in large excess over α6-integrin and in some tumor cells, β4-integrin appears to promote tumorigenic signaling despite loss of HDs formation.

This presents a problem when working at biologically relevant protein concentrations, where protein may be present at large excess in solution; much of the biophysically relevant information can therefore be occluded by non-specific protein binding to the underlying substrate.

The quantitative easing (QE) policies implemented in recent years by central banks have had a profound impact on the working of money markets, giving rise to large excess reserves and pushing down key interbank rates against their floor – the interest rate on reserves.

Electrodes were assembled in a zero gap configuration using a commercial negative plate as counter-electrode with a large excess of active mass in comparison to the nanostructured one.

Reaction of a large excess of 1 with UiO-67 was highly exothermic and evolved gas, likely from reaction with the μ3-OH groups in the UiO-67 structure.

butylamine, BA) amines can be added to a large excess of the epoxy monomer.

The large excess of 7Be in precipitation during April-June (2nd quarter) was an indication of injections of 7Be rich stratospheric air into troposphere.

In the present study, oxime libraries generated by reaction of a large excess of a rac-nipecotic acid derivative displaying a hydroxylamine functionality in which various aldehydes under suitable conditions, were examined for new potent inhibitors of mGAT1.

Challenges with such materials include long deposition times, extensive purging cycles, and requirements for large excesses of precursors and expensive low-pressure equipment.

Room-temperature reactions between [Cp*CoCl]2 (Cp* = η5-C5Me5) and large excess of [BH2E3]Li (E = S or Se) led to the formation of homocubane derivatives, 1–7.

These tandem measurements provide absolute microbial count data albeit with a large excess of zeros due to limited sequencing depth.

In the presence of a large excess of sulfite a further slower reaction is observed which further shifts the emission maximum to 544 nm.

The use of ZrO2 as support required a large excess of P to obtain Ni2P as active phase.

In case of presence of a large excess of [Ag+] over that of [IrCl6]2−, Ir(0) nanoparticles was formed as confirmed by the XRD-spectra and TEM morphology.

In the course of the reaction, a large excess of energy retained in the POZs* lead to the prompt unimolecular processes in POZs*, CIs*, and Ps*, and only ∼4% of CIs* could be stabilized by collision at 298 K and 760 Torr.

High assay performance at different dsDNA sequence lengths and high target specificity even in the presence of a large excess of non-specific cell-free DNA from human plasma samples demonstrated the applicability to clinical samples.

Mixed with a large excess amount of PbF2 and compressed into a copper target holder, such sputter targets have adequate electrical and thermal conductivity in the Cs+ sputter ion source used in AMS.

This approach harnesses the body fluid that diffuses into the cell as an element of the electrolyte; however, the large excess of sodium chloride suspended in the polycaprolactone holds intracell ionic conditions constant.

The densest gas only constitutes the tail of the density distribution of some clouds, but exists in large excess in others.

This convenient and metal-free glycosylation method works well with a wide range of alcohol nucleophiles as acceptors and tolerates a range of functional groups without the formation of the Ferrier byproduct and without the need for a large excess of nucleophiles or additives.

It was also confirmed that the mixed micelles exhibited no toxicity in vivo and in vitro and high stability in the presence of a large excess of ascorbic acid.

Our study shows that H0-DBT can be readily and fully hydrogenated even in the presence of a large excess of water, i.

The extraction of rhenium(VII) from nitric acid solution by DCH solutions in the presence of large excess of uranium(VI) was then investigated.

PHENIX has observed a large excess of direct photon yield as well as large azimuthal anisotropy at low p T in Au+Au collisions at the c.

Consi­dering the crystal structures from CSD and experimental conditions during the formation of metal complexes, the most frequent mononuclear complexes are those with the tetradentate teta ligand, while binuclear complexes are formed when the metal ion is in large excess.

Granular columns (with an area replacement ratio of 20%) were successful in reducing the extent and duration of large excess pore pressures, void redistribution, and shear strain localization in such layered deposits.

This has allowed for the use of large excess biases, resulting in a single-photon detection efficiency of 38% when operated at 125 K using 1310 nm wavelength illumination.

Complex 4 was independently synthesized from the hydrido-chloro compound (tBuPNN)RuH(CO)Cl (1) with a large excess of NaBH4 at solvent reflux and it was characterized both in solution and in the solid state.

From molecular modeling, we propose that the large excess of water systematically observed for these Ni-rich minerals can be explained by nanometer sized crystals, which potentially require many additional hydrogen bonds (i.

The large excess of lipids from model membranes, or from membrane fractions derived from in vivo samples, presents challenges with mass spectrometry.

The reaction kinetics and several adsorption parameters, including anion concentration, adsorbent mass, stripping and reusability of the adsorbent were investigated, using synthetic binary iron-indium solutions containing iron in large excess in comparison with indium, as is typically the case in low-grade ores or industrial process residues.

Furthermore, the polymer was found to be highly selective toward the target ions over large excesses of naturally occurring competing metal ions Na, K, Mg, and Ca.

The main aim of this work is to substantiate the mechanism of 1-propanol oxidation by ozone in aqueous solution when the substrate is present in large excess.

Differences between the properties of PbS nanocrystals prepared using a large excess of PbCl2 and those prepared using other Pb sources have led to speculation that a thin PbClx shell may be present on the surface of PbCl2-derived PbS nanocrystals.

This finding, in conjunction with the large excess of Na+ in physiological environments, minimizes interference from related cations, such as Mg2+ and K+.