Introduction to Immunosorbent Assay

Expression of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), receptor for AGEs (RAGE), nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, real-time polymerase chain reaction or western blotting.

Levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) proteins in plasma were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits.

In this study, bioinformatics technology was used to predict the B cell epitopes of the main outer membrane proteins of Brucella, and the diagnostic efficacy of each epitope was verified by an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA).

Total IgG antibody titer was measured in the donor plasma by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

7 cells were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and quantitative real-time PCR, respectively.

The effects of the extracted CGF membrane on cell viability, osteogenic differentiation ability, osteopontin (OPN) expression, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) content, and osteogenic differentiation-related genes (Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2); osteocalcin (OCN); ALP), Tafazzin (TAZ) expression, and nuclear transfer were examined by MTT assay, alizarin red staining, immunofluorescence, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), and Western blot.

Patients were tested for Leishmania with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA)-rK39, immunochromatographic test (ICT)-rK39, direct agglutination test (DAT), latex agglutination test (KAtex), and conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) are two examples of proteins and nucleic acid detection assays respectively, which have been widely used for the sensitive detection of target analytes in biological fluids.

Competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to assess bone and soft tissue turnover.

Blood samples were screened using Rose Bengal plate test and positives further confirmed using competitive enzyme linked immunosorbent assay techniques.

The limit of detection (LOD) of the microfluidic platform for VP1 was 10 pg mL−1, which was a 31-fold increase compared to sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA, 310 pg mL−1) using identical antibodies.

have demonstrated a novel sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for oxidized HDL with antibodies against apolipoprotein A-1 and the epitope composed of oxidized products of phosphatidylcholine.

The 24-h urine protein, serum complement C3, and serum creatinine were determined using commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits.

A commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to measure serum OPG values.

Proangiogenic molecule expression was assessed by real-time polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

Gene analyses (IL-13 − 1112C/T (rs1800925) and − 1512 A/C (rs1881457) were performed with real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and cytokine levels were determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method.

Traditional disease diagnostic methods such as qRT-PCR (quantitative reverse transcription-PCR) and ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) require multiple steps, trained technicians, and long turnaround time that may worsen the disease surveillance and pandemic control.

Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were used to investigate the protein and mRNA levels of cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β) and/or chemokines (CCL2, CXCL6, CXCL10, and CXCL12).

Endotrophin was assayed by a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit.

Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and sCD163 were measured twice, at baseline and 1-month post-intervention, using a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit.

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and quantitative polymerase chain reaction techniques were used to determine levels in the lavage fluid and relative gene expression in the tissue of SP, IL-33, and IL-37.

CNS tissues were analyzed by immunostaining, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), western blot analysis, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

Methods In this study, kinds of molecular biological technologies, including flow-cytometry, Western blot, immunoprecipitation, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) as well as real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), were applied for investigation on the underlying mechanisms of SKO induced necrosis and apoptosis for MDA-MB-231 cells.

Methods: The expression of MORT and NOTCH1 was determined by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively.

38%) via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

Serum adropin and irisin concentrations were assessed via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

ADMA concentration was evaluated with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and analysis of expression of PRMT1 and DDAH1 in kidneys with reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), immunohistochemistry (IHC) and western blotting were performed.

, sanitary status) of the mother plants and regenerants was checked by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).

While WGBS is prohibitively expensive for experiments involving many samples, low-coverage WGBS can accurately determine global methylation and erasure at similar cost to high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA).

From serum samples, SOD, GPx, and CAT were measured using the enzymol method; MDA was measured using the high-performance liquid chromatography method; and testosterone and cortisol were measured using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method.

Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and transforming growth factor (TGF-β1) expressions were quantitatively monitored using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits.

The level of native transforming growth factor-β1 in the serum was determined by solid-phase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

To target as many MC and NOD variants as possible, we developed an indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with group-specific monoclonal antibodies for variant-independent detection of total MCs and NODs.

An indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to measure salbutamol drug concentrations in serum and urine.

Cell viability, apoptosis and inflammatory response were assessed via Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8), flow cytometry and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

Cell viability, apoptosis, inflammation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation were determined using cell counting kit-8 assay, flow cytometry, caspase3 activity analysis, Western blot, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) assay, respectively.

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to test for inflammatory markers:C-reactive protein (CRP), Iinterleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-18 (IL-18), soluble tumour necrosis factor receptor-I (sTNFR-I), and soluble tumour necrosis factor receptor-II (sTNFR-II).

Interleukin-6, tumour necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-8 and interleukin-10 concentrations were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

uAQP-1 concentrations were estimated with a sensitive and specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and normalized by estimation of urinary creatinine.

Peptide mapping mass spectrometry and host cell specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay confirmed the high product purity, and the presence of a minor endogenous chaperone explained the residual impurities.

Furthermore, commonly used immunoassays such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA), neutralization assay, and the chemiluminescent assay can also be used for early detection and surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

In a systematic review and meta-analysis, pooled sensitivities of chemiluminescent immunoassays (CLIAs)), lateral flow immunoassays (LFIAs), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) were reported as 97.

After sacrifice, its bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) or lung tissue was analyzed with cytospin, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and hematoxylin & eosin (H&E), and Masson’s trichrome staining.

After Bixin treatment, cells in Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were stained with Diff Quick staining and the levels of cytokines were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

The prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 spike (S), receptor binding domain (RBD), and nucleocapsid (N)-specific IgG and IgA were evaluated with an exploratory Luminex assay in serum and saliva and with the Wantai SARS-CoV-2 RBD total antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in serum.

Dried blood specimens from finger-prick sampling collected either at home by each HCW or onsite by the study team were analyzed for anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG to the virus’ receptor binding domain, using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

Inflammatory markers (interleukin [IL]-6, IL-8), vascular endothelial growth factor [VEGF], and extracellular matrix (ECM)-regulating cytokines (matrix metalloproteinase [MMP]-1, MMP-3 and MMP-9, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase [TIMP]-1 and TIMP-2) were quantified via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

TSLP and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels were detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay or real-time PCR analysis.

We used a standard enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect platelet factor 4 (PF4)–heparin antibodies and a modified (PF4-enhanced) platelet-activation test to detect platelet-activating antibodies under various reaction conditions.

Concentrations of the ten candidate biomarkers were measured in the synovial fluid samples using standard enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA).

Here, we examined DSTs in spiked and naturally contaminated shellfish–Sydney Rock Oysters (Saccostrea glomerata), Pacific Oysters (Magallana gigas/Crassostrea gigas), Blue Mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) and Pipis (Plebidonax deltoides/Donax deltoides), using LC-MS/MS and LC-MS in 4 laboratories, and 5 rapid test kits (quantitative Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and Protein Phosphatase Inhibition Assay (PP2A), and qualitative Lateral Flow Assay (LFA)).

A prospective, multicenter study was conducted in 2017, and admission serum levels of RELM-β were detected using quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

MEASUREMENTS Glycoprotein enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (gpELISA) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (ELISpot) from serum and peripheral blood mononuclear cells measured at baseline and 6 weeks after vaccination.

Further, these peptides were subject to in vitro analysis wherein human peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) proliferation and Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) production by peptide stimulated cells was studied in ten healthy human blood samples with the help of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) respectively.

With reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, the authors evaluated whether FATIICs produce IL-24 in physiological conditions.

METHODS We screened a total of 492 human samples to detect LCMV genome RNA and anti-LCMV IgG antibodies using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), respectively.

All 11 patients tested for the heparin-platelet factor 4 HIT antibody by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) screening had positive results.

A laboratory testing model that utilized an in-house platelet factor 4 (PF4)-heparin enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) completed three days weekly, and reflex serotonin release assay (SRA) with a five-day turnaround resulted in the shortest mean time to HIT testing finalization, lowest percentage of patients discharged prior to HIT testing finalization, and lowest total alternative anticoagulant days.

METHODS We chose to measure the serum levels of known biomarkers of EMT - EGF (epidermal growth factor), ET-1 (endothelin 1), IL-8 (interleukin 8), TGF-β1 and TGF-β2 (transforming growth factor-beta 1 and 2) and VEGF-A (vascular endothelial growth factor A) - using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays.

The levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-10 (IL-10) in serum and interleukin-17 (IL-17) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) in colon tissue were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

MTT was used to detect the activity of cardiomyocytes; flow cytometry and TUNEL assay were used to detect apoptosis; and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect the levels of inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6).

At the end of the experimental period, histological examination, parameters for the level of oxidative damage, hepatic malondialdehyde, serum pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, and interleukin-1β), UDP-glucuronosyltransferases, and sulfotransferases changes were examined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and standard biochemical procedures.

METHODS HDPFs were stimulated with various concentrations of TNF-α, and the secretion of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8 and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 was analyzed by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

The concentrations of interleukin-8 (IL-8), growth-regulated oncogene-α (GRO-α), epithelial neutrophil-activating peptide 78 (ENA-78), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), interferon-γ-induced protein-10 (IP-10), tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), von Willebrand factor (vWF), eotaxin-3, and myeloperoxidase (MPO) in each CSDH fluid sample were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits.

For AAV-specific indices, Birmingham vasculitis activity score (BVAS), five-factor score (FFS), and vasculitis damage index (VDI) were collected and serum levels of four alarmins (hepatoma-derived growth factor, high mobility group box protein 1, S100A9, and S100A12) were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

Before being sacrificed, the subject had 1 cc of blood drawn for high mobility group box 1 (HMGB-1) examination using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and after being sacrificed, the brain tissue specimen was taken to examine caspase-3 and B-cell lymphoma 3 (BCL-3) using immunohistochemistry methods.

Main Measures Serum levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-23, IL-33 and galectin-1 were measured using sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits.

Unstimulated saliva was collected to determine MMP-9 and 8-OHdG using sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

H&E staining, immunohistochemistry, western blot assay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, molecular docking, co-immunoprecipitation, and immunofluorescence assay were utilized to investigate how RA prevented colorectal cancer.

Methods Immunohistochemistry, western blotting, Bio-Plex assay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction were performed to assess protein and gene expression levels.

METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted to detect the expression of PEDF in tears of dry eye patients by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

This was a cross-sectional study, held in the city of São Paulo, Brazil, and conducted with low-risk pregnant women, who carried personal passive nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and ozone (O3) monitors for about a few days preceding the ultrasound evaluation, and on this day, the venous blood sample was collected to measure the angiogenic factors sFlt1 and PLGF and their ratio (sFlt1/PLGF) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

Serum enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) were performed to determine IgA levels against adult cyathostomins and Strongylus nematode antigen.

IL-6 levels were obtained from blood serum enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

After PDLSCs were treated with simvastatin, mineralized nodules, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), osteogenic-related gene, miR-363-3p, kruppel-like factor 2 (KLF2), and runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) levels were determined by alizarin red staining, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, and western blot.

Oxidative stress levels, inflammatory markers and cell apoptosis were detected using reactive oxygen species (ROS) staining, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits and TUNEL staining.

Additionally, over 100 case samples were analyzed by both the current enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) testing procedure and the proposed liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) screening method.

Pregnenolone sulfate and pregnanolone serum levels were analysed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, while estradiol levels by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

Eggs were tested by an antigen capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique.

Methods: In this study, an antigen-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (AC-ELISA) and a colloidal gold immunochromatographic test (ICT) strip using monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) 3G4 and 2G7 were established to detect H9N2 subtype AIV.

Several studies undertaken in dengue-endemic Southeast Asia have reported the performance of RDTs against enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and virus isolation methods.

Serum lactic acid dehydrogenase, inflammatory factor levels, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, western blot analysis, hematoxylin and eosin staining, immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry analysis, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were performed on the CDI, RCDI, and control group mice.

We investigated the seroprevalence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) among dogs in the Tokyo area via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using the spike protein as the target antigen.

An oropharyngeal swab test was performed for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) ribonucleic acid (RNA), immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) determination.

Moreover, we employed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to determine the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and receptor tyrosine kinase B (TrkB) in the rats.

Using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and in situ hybridisation, we examined treatment-induced changes in plasma brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and brain serotonin transporter (SERT) and 5-HT-1A mRNA.

muytjensii, with a detection limit of 51 CFU/mL, which is three orders of magnitude lower than that of conventional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA, 6.

The primary outcome was anti-Trypanosoma cruzi serological response (negative seroconversion or seroreduction ≥20% in mean optical density from baseline determined by two conventional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays) at 12 months in the 60-day treatment group versus historical placebo controls.

In this chapter, we introduce an ultrasensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) which combines a traditional sandwich-based immunoassay with thionicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (thio-NAD) cycling.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Serum AMH level was measured by an ultrasensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

Materials and Methods: Sixty-one dogs, including 31 patients with DM (with and without insulin treatment) and 30 patients without DM (normal weight and obese), were included for determining autoantibodies using a human enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) detection system for type 1 DM.

Netrin-1 levels were measured using an available commercially human enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit.

In this study, we investigated an epitope of PcMab-60 using flow cytometry, surface plasmon resonance (SPR), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

Based on this, the molecular structures of SARS-CoV-2 and ACE2 and their processes in the life cycle of SARS-CoV-2 and host cell infection were firstly reviewed in this paper, with emphasis on the methods and techniques of screening S protein-ACE2 blockers, including Virtual Screening (VS), Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR), Biochromatography, Biotin-avidin with Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent assay and Gene Chip Technology.

Concentrations of MMP-7 and MMP-26 were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and CA 15-3 by chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay.

Sera from all participants were taken, and anti-toxoplasma IgG was measured by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)-Chemiluminescent Microparticle Immunoassay.

A one-step enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay strategy was proposed for use in this device to recognize trace cTnI in serum, converting the cTnI concentration to a drain-source current generated by an ultrasensitive ISFET.

Main outcomes and measures: The presence of IgM and/or IgG antibodies to the SARS-CoV-2 Spike and Nucleoprotein were determined using a two-step enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays were used to detect the level of Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Estrogen (E2) in ovaries and GCs.

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was employed to detect the expression of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), progesterone (P), and testosterone (T) in the serum.