Introduction to Immune Response

What is/are Immune Response?

Immune Response - In this paper, an attempt has been made to study the global dynamical behavior of a viral dynamics model incorporating both the lytic and nonlytic immune responses. ^[1] 01, including those relevant to T-helper cell type 1 (Th1) and Th2 immune responses. ^[2] While it is documented that strenuous physical activity activates immune responses and vitamin D plays a role in immune system suppression, data on the relationship between vitamin D status and cytokine profile in athletic populations are limited. ^[3] As a potent immunosuppressor adenosine is essential for maintaining tissue homeostasis and preventing an overzealous immune response during inflammation and infection. ^[4] Innate immune responses are considered to play crucial roles in the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). ^[5] At the molecular level, we confirm that the anti-melanoma activity exerted in vivo by Lmat-LLO depends also on its ability to potentiate the immune response of the organism against the infected tumor. ^[6] Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) are at the forefront of host-pathogen interactions, coordinating a cascade of immune responses to confer protection against pathogens. ^[7] OBJECTIVE Inflammation and innate immune responses may contribute to development and progression of Osteoarthritis (OA). ^[8] An 8-week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary tryptophan level on antioxidant capacity and immune response through Nrf2 and TOR signaling pathway. ^[9] By further introducing the nanoparticles into dendritic cells (DCs), DC-derived AuNPs (AuNP@DCB16F10) were generated with enhanced biosafety, which can induce hyperthermia and provoke antitumor immune responses. ^[10] Although there has been progress on hemocyte characterization during pathogen infections in mosquitoes, the specific contribution of hemocytes to immune responses and the hemocyte-specific functions of immune genes and pathways remain unresolved due to the lack of genetic tools to manipulate gene expression in these cells specifically. ^[11] Triosephosphate isomerase may function as an auto-antigen and in the evasion of the immune response, as a factor of virulence of some organisms, and also as an important allergen, mainly in a variety of seafoods. ^[12] The interaction between CD40, and its ligand, CD154, is essential for the development of humoral and cellular immune responses. ^[13] Salicylic acid (SA) is an essential regulator of plant immune responses. ^[14] Areas covered: We reviewed the literature on PubMed and Google Scholar databases and summarize the effect of obesity, its associated metabolic dysregulation and altered systemic immune responses, and that of weight gain and loss on pulmonary mechanics, asthma inception, and disease burden. ^[15] HTS-compatible assays for ectonucleotidase activity may allow identification of purinergic signaling pathway inhibitors important for tumor-specific immune responses during tumor pathogenesis. ^[16] Deoxynivalenol also impairs the intestinal morphology, nutrient absorption, barrier function, and the innate immune response in chickens. ^[17] Flow cytometric analysis of immune responses in the melanoma tissue biopsies before or during anti-PD1 immunotherapy [abstract]. ^[18] The deregulation of HDAC6 is related to various diseases, such as neurodegenerative diseases, cancer and pathological autoimmune response (Batchu et al. ^[19] aeruginosa has been shown to undergo extensive genomic adaptation facilitating its persistence within the CF lung allowing it to evade the host immune response and outcompete co-colonizing residents of the lung microbiota. ^[20] Moreover, it serves as a unique molecular pattern in the plant defense system against pathogenic fungi and parasites, and in the innate and adaptive immune response of mammals and humans. ^[21] While they are rarely sufficient to generate potent anti-tumor effects on their own, myeloid cells have the ability to interact with a variety of immune populations to aid in mounting an appropriate anti-tumor immune response. ^[22] Fifteen of the 18 patients who received vaccines had immune responses to PSA as demonstrated in a lymphocyte blastogenesis assay by week 31. ^[23] We have investigated the immune responses in patients from a two years double-blind, placebo-controlled AIT field trial with BM32. ^[24] Tumor immunotherapy has shown to produce long-lasting responses in large numbers of patients, and thereby adoptive immunotherapy and immune checkpoint inhibitors could induce remarkable antigen-specific immune responses. ^[25] Dendritic cells (DCs) play a central role in regulating innate and adaptive immune responses. ^[26] Platelet sequestration in association with other cells, including endothelium and circulating leukocytes, can contribute to this decline and influence the immune response to and pathogenesis of viral infection. ^[27] Objective This study assessed the effects of probiotics on cecal microbiota, gene expression of intestinal tight junction proteins, and immune response in the cecal tonsil of broiler chickens challenged with Salmonella enterica subsp. ^[28] We aimed to investigate whether jejunal microbial metabolite butyrate modulates the apoptosis/proliferation balance and immune response in piglets during the post-weaning period of the first 3 weeks of life. ^[29] These chronically activated immune responses against HTLV-1 and infiltration of inflammatory cells including HTLV-1 infected cells into the CNS contribute to clinical disability and underlie the pathogenesis of HAM/TSP. ^[30] Infected pups were able to mount an effective immune response against the parasite and eliminated hookworms from the intestine, recovering partial body mass lost as a result of hookworm infection at the end of the study period. ^[31] Secreted protein acidic and cysteine rich (SPARC) is a nonstructural, multifunctional matricellular protein involved in tissue development, extracellular matrix, and immune response. ^[32] Particularly, their excessive secretion induced by various immune stimuli suggests possible involvement of free p40s in fish immune responses. ^[33] However, few implant formation methods enable building polymer scaffolds allowing to reconstruct larger bone losses without immune response. ^[34] Our results suggest that the pathogenic sequelae seen during chronic infection may be shaped by gender differences in immune responses induced very early during the course of HIV infection. ^[35] Its IgG1 and IgG2a production is similar to that of GPI-0100, indicating a potential mixed and antigen-specific Th1/Th2 immune response, which is different from the Th2 immunity induced by the natural saponin MS I. ^[36] In addition, Treg cells can suppress anticancer immunity, thereby hindering protective immunosurveillance of neoplasia and hampering effective antitumour immune responses in tumour-bearing hosts, thus promoting tumour development and progression. ^[37] Leprosy is a chronic infective granulomatous disease with clinical features depending upon the host immune response. ^[38] Macrophages are important in mounting an innate immune response to injury as well as in repair of injury. ^[39] Regulatory T (Treg) cells may work as a suppressor for anti-tumor immune response. ^[40] Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) play a critical role in the innate immune response to invading pathogens. ^[41] Unmethylated cytosine-phosphate-guanosine (CpG) oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) as an adjuvant can activate innate and adaptive immune responses and simultaneously produce a large number of proinflammatory cytokines and up-regulate costimulatory molecules to treat cancer, allergy, asthma and infectious diseases. ^[42] OBJECTIVE To determine the proportion of patients who have a measurable increase of interferon gamma levels in brain tumor tissue after their first dose of nivolumab, and to evaluate the safety of using brain tumor microdialysis to monitor for immune response while evaluating the safety of the combination of anti-programmed death 1 (PD-1) and anti-lymphocyte activation gene 3 (LAG-3) checkpoint inhibition. ^[43] Introduction: We compared the secretome of metastatic (non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)) and primary (mesothelioma) malignant pleural effusions, benign effusions and the published plasma profile of patients receiving chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR-T), to determine factors unique to neoplasia in pleural effusion (PE) and those accompanying an efficacious peripheral anti-tumor immune response. ^[44] Pom and related drugs may be clinically beneficial for the treatment of HTLV-1 and EBV-induced tumors by rendering infected cells more susceptible to both innate and adaptive host immune responses. ^[45] Histamine-mediated upregulation of the COX-2 signaling pathway was shown to play a crucial role in suppression of the allergic immune response by MC-pretreated hUCB-MSCs. ^[46] Comparison of the module scores revealed that genes associated with immune response were more suppressed compared to the inflammation-associated genes. ^[47] Microfold (M) cells residing in the follicle-associated epithelium of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues are specialized for sampling luminal antigens to initiate mucosal immune responses. ^[48] After an adaptive immune response is mounted, gammaherpesviruses achieve persistence through the utilization of viral noncoding RNAs to craft a suitable host cell environment in an immunologically transparent manner. ^[49] In addition, combined with PD-1 blockade, ADC therapies may exert antitumor immune response to sensitize “cold” tumors that previously resistant to PD-1 therapy. ^[50]