Introduction to Immune Inflammatory Response

In conclusion, low VD levels are widely found in hospitalized COVID-19 and may lead to increased disease severity through an excessive immune-inflammatory response.

Therefore, the purpose of the study attempted to confirm the improvement of DCQD on pancreatic microcirculation is associated with suppressing neutrophil mediated immune-inflammatory response through promoting the inactivation of HMGB1-TLR-4-IL-23-IL-17A axis via targeting the SIRT1 signal pathway in SAP.

The aim of this review is to assess the role of cathelicidins based on their capacity to heal wounds, their immunomodulatory potential, and their ability to stimulate cytokine production and stimulate immune-inflammatory response in pulp and periapex.

ABSTRACT Hemorrhagic shock with tissue trauma (HS/T) leads to the activation of a system-wide immune-inflammatory response that involves all organs and body compartments.

The up-regulatory genes are mainly concentrating on immune-inflammatory response and the down-regulatory genes are on receptor binding and gamma-glutamyltransferase.

CONCLUSION These results demonstrated that DHBB exerted a significant protective effect on DSS-induced experimental UC, at least partly through suppressing immune-inflammatory response and maintaining gut barrier function.

Clinical and experimental findings from studies investigating COVID-19 have suggested that the immune-inflammatory response has a crucial role in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection.

Thus, circadian rhythms may influence the composition of the EVs, which alter the microenvironment that results in the induction of an immune-inflammatory response to various environmental insults or allergens such as air pollutants, ozone, diesel exhaust particles, pollens, outdoor molds, environmental tobacco smoke, etc.

Considering the central role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of periodontitis, the combination of NSPT with different agents that can modulate the host immune-inflammatory response has been proposed to enhance the outcomes of NSPT.

The electronegative LDL, LDL(-), plays an important role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis once this cholesterol-rich lipoprotein can be internalized by macrophages, contributing to the formation of foam cells, and provoking an immune-inflammatory response.

However, an ill-defined immune-inflammatory response to the infectious agent is the likely cause of tubercular LETM.

Finally, according to the results of the GO and KEGG analysis of hub genes, we found that the monocyte/macrophage-related genes were involved in immune-inflammatory responses through degradation of the extracellular matrix, endothelial cell apoptosis, hypoxia and the interaction of cytokines and chemokines.

Although early IFN deficiency leads to enhanced disease, blocking either viral replication with Remdesivir or the downstream IFN stimulated cascade by injecting anti-IFNAR2 in vivo in the chronic stages of disease attenuates many aspects of the overactive immune-inflammatory response, especially the inflammatory macrophage response, and most consequentially, the chronic disease itself.

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and the immune-inflammatory response system (IRS) have been implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.

This study investigated dynamics of the HSPC immune-inflammatory response in the bone marrow, splenic, and blood compartments in moribund and surviving septic mice.

As an essential constituent of human periodontal connective tissues which involves immune-inflammatory responses, HGFs serve as useful study models.

Conclusion: Cathelicidins can induce a varied and even opposing repertoire of immune-inflammatory responses depending on the subjacent disease and the cellular context.

CONCLUSION Curcuma longa extracts can regulate the occurrence and development of glioma by regulating the immune-inflammatory responses.

Multiple mechanisms such as abnormal hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis activity, neurotransmission (namely serotonin), and immune-inflammatory responses are involved in the pathophysiology of disease.

3 Genetic and early environmental exposures might prompt a very early priming of neural and immune development, which might lead to altered trajectories of maturation and, ultimately, to behavioral abnormalities and hyperactive immune-inflammatory responses.

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is accompanied by a dysfunctional immune-inflammatory response following lung injury, including during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).

Areas covered: In this review, based on PubMed searches, the authors describe the characteristics of the immune-inflammatory response in patients with neurocysticercosis, its clinical implications and the treatment currently administered.

Moreover, functional enrichment analyses showed the 14 functional methylated genes, including the 3 hub genes, were mainly enriched in immune-inflammatory responses, especially mitogen-activated protein kinase, tumor necrosis factor, TLRs, interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-17 pathways.

In this study, xenogeneic ACM assisted with gelatin (GT) with or without autologous chondrocytes was implanted subcutaneously into goats to establish a xenotransplantation model and compared with a PGA/PLA scaffold to evaluate the immune-inflammatory response and quality of regenerated cartilage.

Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) indicated that the dinotefuran-treated group showed enrichment in carbohydrate and protein metabolism and immune-inflammatory responses such as glycine, serine and threonine metabolism, pentose and glucuronate interconversion, and Hippo and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling pathways.

Conclusion The immune-inflammatory response triggered by HBV may be monitored by a peculiar profile of biomarkers.

BACKGROUND The aim is to examine whether biomarkers of the immune-inflammatory response (IRS) and endogenous opioid (EOS) systems are associated with affective symptoms in schizophrenia.

An immune-inflammatory response is accompanied by increased nitro-oxidative stress.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease featured by a systemic immune-inflammatory response, in genetically susceptible individuals exposed to environmental triggers, including diet.

In recent years, modulating the endocannabinoid system, particularly activation of the cannabinoid type 2 (CB2) receptor is a promising therapeutic target for modulation of immune-inflammatory responses.

ABSTRACT Sepsis is an amplified systemic immune-inflammatory response produced by a microorganism, which involves activation of inflammatory cytokine signaling pathways and oxidative stress.

In the lung, the classic RAAS regulates cell proliferation, immune-inflammatory response, hypoxia, and angiogenesis, contributing to lung injury and different pulmonary diseases (including COVID-19).

gingivalis-LPS could activate TLR2/4-mediated NF-κB/STAT3 signaling pathways, which ultimately resulted in an immune-inflammatory response in BV-2 microglia.

The up-regulatory genes mainly concentrate on immune-inflammatory responses, and the down-regulatory genes are on receptor binding and gamma-glutamyltransferase.

There is evidence that schizophrenia is characterized by activation of the immune-inflammatory response (IRS) and compensatory immune-regulatory (CIRS) systems and lowered neuroprotection.

Galectin-3 is β-galactoside-binding lectin with several roles in immune-inflammatory response.

The balance between T helper cells (Th17) and regulatory T cells (Treg) plays a crucial role in regulating immune-inflammatory response.

However, dental implants can display cumulative levels of antigens (ions, nano and microparticles and bacterial antigens) at the implant–tissue interface activating an immune-inflammatory response.

Both GO annotation and enrichment analysis suggested that differential genes were mainly involved in immune-inflammatory response and cytokine action.

Vaginal microbiome has known an important role in local immune-inflammatory responses and it may be important pathogenic mechanism in vulvodynia.

Background/Aim: Lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio represent systemic immune-inflammatory responses.

In this study, the exacerbated remodeling of diabetic kidney-heart axis under BPA exposure and diabetes might occur through hemodynamics, metabolism disorders, and the immune-inflammatory response, as well as continuous estrogen-like stimulation, with focus on the MAPK cascades.

The expression profile of several immunological molecules may influence the local immune-inflammatory response and, therefore, modulate the tissue healing process.

Objectives Galectin-3 is β-galactoside-binding lectin with several roles in immune-inflammatory response.

However, evidences from basic to clinical research have contributed to depict a role of HDL in the modulation of immune-inflammatory response thus paving the road to investigate their involvement in other diseases beyond those related to the CV system.

1 However, an inexorable systemic immune-inflammatory response to CPB alongside additional perioperative aggravators such as bleeding, coagulation disturbances, positive pressure ventilation, and transfusion-related lung injury (second hit) is likely to have exasperated the underlying indolent SARS-CoV-2 infection (first hit) to manifest as a peculiarly lethal postoperative “hyper”-inflammation wherein the patient succumbed to death despite a satisfactory surgical correction (in background of a false security attributable to negative RT-PCRs).

SIGNIFICANCE The immune-inflammatory responses that follow trauma contribute to clinical trajectory and patient outcomes.

Furthermore, transcriptome analysis of the inguinal WAT using RNA-sequencing technique revealed that overexpression of Npgl upregulated the genes involved in cytoskeleton regulation, whereas it decreased those involved in immune-inflammatory responses.

Clinical relevance The GCF α1-PI reduction may alter the immune-inflammatory response in patients with periodontitis and thus increase the risk of ACS.

Finally, this work highlighted the existence of shared disease mechanisms (oxidative stress, immune-inflammatory response, mitochondrial dysfunction, axonal guidance pathway, and synaptogenesis) between AMD and NDDs and described the associated SNPs as candidate biomarkers for developing novel strategies for early diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment of such disorders in a progressive aging population.

Dysbiotic immune-inflammatory response and bone remodeling are characteristics of periodontitis.

Conclusion Hypolipidemia in SARS-CoV-2 infection may be secondary to an immune-inflammatory response, with complete recovery in survivors.

Moreover, ssGSEA analyses revealed fierce immune-inflammatory response mechanisms in HCV progress.

Beyond abnormalities in the neurotransmitter hypothesis, recent evidence suggests that mitochondrial dysfunction and immune-inflammatory responses contribute to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.

One of the most promising therapeutic targets for the modulation of immune-inflammatory responses is the endocannabinoid system, particularly the activation of cannabinoid type 2 receptors (CB2R), a G-protein coupled receptor which mediates the anti-inflammatory properties by modulating numerous signaling pathways.

Periodontitis is a common chronic inflammatory disease driven by the interaction between a dysbiotic oral microbiome and the dysregulated host immune-inflammatory response.

Conclusions The alterations highlighted the involvement of an immune-inflammatory response system, oxidative stress, hyper-coagulation and impairment in the vascular function/regenerative capacity in response to dyslipidaemia that may also be directly engaged in development of atherosclerosis.

INTRODUCTION Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1(IDO1) has complicated roles in immune-inflammatory response regulation, but its correlation with immune cell infiltration in diabetic nephropathy (DN) remains unknown.

Additionally, the correlation analysis showed multiple relationships between the abnormal plasma proteins and clinical biochemical indexes, particularly for the immune-inflammatory response proteins.

Keywords: neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, systemic inflammation, immune-inflammatory response, endocrinne stress.

The proteomic profiles in neutrophil exosomes further characterized functional proteins and identified olfactomedin 4 as the critical differentially expressed protein that mediates the autoimmune inflammatory responses of GPP.

Objective Periodontitis initiation and progression are a result of host immune inflammatory response to oral pathogens.

ACEI repress DCs immune inflammatory response through down-regulating DCs maturation surface markers and regulating inflammatory cytokines, which led to a higher survival rate, improved function and remodeling through decreased inflammatory response after MI.

The cycle is related to the immune inflammatory response, including biological processes such as proliferation and apoptosis of liver cancer cells.

BACKGROUND A battlefield-related injury results in increased local and systemic innate immune inflammatory responses, resulting in wound-specific complications and an increased incidence of osteoarthritis.

Macrophages participate in the whole phase of immune inflammatory response.

In the current study, the effect of picomolar levels of CCL2 on the autoimmune inflammatory response associated with a multiple sclerosis–like disease in mice was analyzed.

Introduction Chronic periodontitis is a multifactorial disease primarily caused by plaque microorganisms, modified from the immune inflammatory response to chronic infection, which leads to the destruction of periodontal tissues in a susceptible host.

The role of host immune inflammatory response in periodontal disease forms the basis of modernistic therapeutic approaches.

Transport and loading stress can induce oxidative stress and further activate the immune inflammatory response, which cause tissue damage and sudden death.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis secreted protein MPT53 mediates the activation of TAK1 and induces the host immune inflammatory response.

Gene Ontology analysis showed that differentially expressed mRNAs among groups were involved mainly in lipid metabolism and immune inflammatory response processes.

In this study, we investigated the relationship between the D-dimer (DD) level and in-hospital mortality and complications in patients with IE, because DD indicates both the fibrin turnover in vegetation and the autoimmune inflammatory response in patients with IE.

Taken together, ATRA exhibited inhibitory effects on LPS-induced synovial immune inflammatory response stimulated by the regulation of inflammatory mediators and cartilage damage related proteases in synovial explants, demonstrating a potential protective effect on synovitis and joint destruction in the patients with RA.

Introduction: Tissue destruction of supporting periodontal tissues is mediated by an overreactive immune inflammatory response to bacteria in the subgingival environment.

Additionally, it was revealed that Rhein inhibited the immune inflammatory response of RSV-infected mice, which was likely to be associated with the inhibition the NLRP3 inflammasome activation via NF-κB pathway.

Objective To explore the differences of degrees of immune inflammatory response in patients with different TOAST subtypes of acute cerebral infarction and their relations with infection risk after cerebral infarction.

Clinical manifestations were studied; the patients’ quality of life was assessed; the functional state of the myocardium was determined according to the six-minute walk test; the indicators of endothelial dysfunction were analyzed by endothelin-l level; the indicators of immune inflammatory response were analyzed by serum levels of C-reactive protein and tumor necrosis factor.

Pathways such as ‘extracellular matrix, immune inflammatory response, cell cycle, material metabolism’ are consistent with the core mechanism of ulcerative colitis.

pulmonis infection due to a hyper-immune inflammatory response.

Psychotic disorders are accompanied by activation of the immune inflammatory response system (IRS).

Dendritic cells (DCs) have an important role in initiating and maintaining the immune inflammatory response in allergic asthma, and CC chemokine receptor 7 (CCR7) is directly involved in the pathogenesis of DC- and T cell-mediated allergic asthma.

In a systematic review, PD has been confounded as a factor in the initiation and maintenance of the autoimmune inflammatory responses that occur in RA and also reported as an important factor for increased disease activity and refractoriness[14].

Perforin plays an important role in autoimmune and infectious diseases, but its function in immune inflammatory responses after spinal cord injury (SCI) has received insufficient attention.

Here, we reviewed the relationship between autophagy and periodontitis from three aspects: the interactions between autophagy and periodontal pathogen infection, the regulation of autophagy and immune inflammatory responses, and the relationship between autophagy and alveolar bone metabolism.

The absence or reduced frequency of hTregs can limit the control of immune inflammatory responses, autoimmunity and the success of transplant engraftment.

These results suggested that PSP could protect the liver from hepatocyte injury induced by alcohol possibly by alleviating hepatic lipid metabolism, elevating antioxidant-enzyme activity, suppressing the immune inflammatory response, and reversing the expression levels of CYP2E1 and HO-1.

N-WASP plays a vital role in promoting cell migration, receptor signaling and immune inflammatory responses.

Nerve injury can precipitate a neuroimmune inflammatory response.

We found strong transcriptional evidence of an innate immune inflammatory response, mediated by monocytes and neutrophils, in AD, MCI, and two FTD subtypes, PSP and nfvPPA.

Periodontal cells are, therefore, exposed to substances that potentially elicit the immune inflammatory response.

The main mechanism is to reduce the immune inflammatory response, improve lipid metabolism, regulate the level of gastrointestinal hormones, and affect Cajal interstitial cells (ICC).

Multiple modes of action of SDP have been proposed, including either directly influencing the immune inflammatory response locally or systemically, and/or through the indirect modification of beneficial microbial populations.

The immune inflammatory response indexes IgG、IgA、IgM、CPR、IL-6 on the 3rd day in the study group compared with the control group, were significantly improved (t=-3.