Introduction to Hybridized Carbon

The reductive cross-coupling of sp3-hybridized carbon centers represents great synthetic values and insurmountable challenges.

Non-graphitic carbons (NGCs) represent the most abundant class of sp2-hybridized carbon, materials (coal char coal, activated carbon, etc.

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis reveals very similar changes in surface functionalization by oxygen-containing groups for both felts; however, the decrease of sp2-hybridized carbon and simultaneous increase of sp3-hybridized one is significantly higher for the unstable polyacrylonitrile-based felt.

It can be observed that thermal reduction of GO above the temperature 180 °C was the most effective process leading to the formation of sp2-hybridized carbon atoms and can be directly applied for GO containing films.

Motivated by the recent experimental progresses, we investigated from first-principles a new family of 2D carbon nitrides composed of sp- and sp2-hybridized carbon atoms and with kagome, rhombic and hexagonal lattices.

Fullerene (C60), a π-conjugated cage molecule consisting of 60 sp2-hybridized carbon atoms that are arranged into perfect icosahedral symmetry, is one of the most extensively studied nanocarbon materials by virtue of its characteristic spherical structure, fascinating optoelectronic properties, and widespread applications in material science.

We found that rhodium-carbynoid species provoke C(sp2)-C(sp2) bond scission in alkenes by inserting a monovalent carbon unit between both sp2-hybridized carbons.

Herein, a graphene oxide (GO) modified separator (GO separator) is used to immobilize the soluble active materials through π–π interaction between sp2-hybridized carbon rings in GO and aromatic rings in the soluble active material.

Graphite nanoplatelets (GNPs) are outstanding thermal conductive fillers due to their unique crystal structure which consists of layered graphene formed by sp2-hybridized carbon atoms, but their preparation process is time-consuming.

Encouraged by computational analysis of [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangements, we can now rapidly synthesize oxa-heterocycles by treating N-phenoxyacetamides (Ph–ONHAc) with compounds containing an sp-hybridized carbon.

In the initial transition state, FAD delivers its peroxy hydroxyl to the l-Kyn ring, creating an sp3-hybridized carbon center.

Aromaticity generally describes a cyclic structure composed of sp2-hybridized carbon or hetero atoms with remarkable stability and unique reactivity.

The oxidative degradation is achieved by efficient mediation of electron transfer from pollutants to persulfate through the sp2-hybridized carbon and nitrogen network.

In this paper, a method for controlling the fraction of sp2- hybridized carbon within a-C structures is proposed, by means of an algorithm that generates a-C cells appropriate as staring structures for most of the MD and ab-initio simulation packages.

Graphene, a two-dimensional (2D) sp2-hybridized carbon sheet, shows excellent chemical, mechanical, and physical properties owing to its unique structure, which makes it a great potential in the energy storage devices, sensors, composite materials, and biotechnology.

We have developed a wood waste-derived biochar as a sustainable graphitic carbon catalyst for environmental remediation through catalytic pyrolysis under the synergistic effects between Cu heteroatoms and CO2, which for the first time are found to significantly enhance the oxygen functionalities, defective sites, and highly ordered sp2-hybridized carbon matrix.

The carbon atomic chain, which is an sp-hybridized carbon allotrope, has recently stimulated interest to construct ultimate nano-devices.

Carbon can also exist in the form of carbine, a one dimensional (1D) infinite chain of sp1-hybridized carbon atoms.

The synthesis, isolation, and characterizations of sp-hybridized carbon materials remain challenging due to their high reactivities.

Benzyne intermediates substituted by a C(RR')OR'' substituent adjacent to one of the benzyne sp-hybridized carbons give rise to products in which the OR' moiety has migrated to the proximal benzyne carbon.

Here, the sp–hybridized carbon atoms shift up or down from the planes; according to the calculations in [1], it is an energy-profitable system.

Since 1996, a growing number of strained macrocycles, comprising only sp2- or sp-hybridized carbon atoms within the ring, have become synthetically accessible, with the [n]cycloparaphenyleneacetylenes (CPPAs) and the [n]cycloparaphenylenes (CPPs) being the most prominent examples.

Comprehensive experiments and theoretical calculations are conducted to investigate their intrinsic thermal stability, photophysical property, electrochemical behavior and device performance, aiming at exploring the potentials of oxygen, sp3-hybridized carbon and silicon atoms for wide bandgap materials.

In this study, a lightweight sp3-hybridized carbon allotrope named 3d-C24 is suggested to be obtained by polymerizing fullerene C24 molecules.

The enhanced fluorescence upon the addition of cerium ions is due to the intramolecular charge transfer and photoinduced electron transfer processes in the sp2- and sp3-hybridized carbon networks.

For development of a selective inhibitor, we focused on the complexity caused by sp3-hybridized carbons and synthesized a series of benzo[h]chromone derivatives linked to a non-aromatic B-ring using α-naphthoflavone (ANF) as the lead compound.

Detonation nanodiamonds hard-hydrogels are aggregates of polyhedral particles of sp 3 -hybridized-carbon coated by atomically thin sp 2 -hybridized carbon.

KGaA, Weinheim Herein, three small molecule (SM)-acceptors (POIT-IC, POIT-IC2F, and POIT-IC4F) are developed by combining the side-chain engineering located on the sp3-hybridized carbon atoms of the fused-ring core and the fluorination of end groups.

The lability of the carbon-iodine bond, together with the polarizability of iodine and the higher electronegativity of sp- and sp2-hybridized carbons, open up further possibilities in pursuing novel carbon nanomaterials from unsaturated carbon-iodine compounds.

The sp2-hybridized carbon and C O bond structure were strongly dependent on the pyrolysis temperature, and Fe-N@MC500 had a higher ratio of sp2-hybridized carbon than other counterparts.

In addition, SB-HC has a unique flake-like morphology, which can shorten the Na+ diffusion length, and higher electronic conductivity (owing to more sp2 -hybridized carbon), resulting in superior high-rate charge-discharge performance to apple-derived HC.

Copper-catalyzed stereoconvergent allylation of chiral sp3-hybridized carbon nucleophiles with a racemic mixture of acyclic secondary allylic phosphates is reported.

Unlike graphites and other sp2-hybridized carbons, GUITAR has fast heterogeneous electron transfer across its basal planes and resistance to corrosion similar to boron-doped diamond electrodes.

Graphene with atomic layer of sp2-hybridized carbon atoms in a hexagonal structure has attracted multidisciplinary attention since its discovery.

Evidence for sp2-hybridized carbon bonding is observed, both experimentally in the irradiated sample and in simulations, and related to connectivity topology-based models for the amorphization of silicon carbide.

Significantly increased conductivity is ascribed to the networking sp2-hybridized carbon domains interconnected by CNT bridges.

Radial distribution function analysis indicated that the carbon skeleton of kerogen consists of significant amounts of sp2- and sp3-hybridized carbons.

To solve this challenge, we designed new amphiphilic block copolymers with high content of sp2-hybridized carbon in the hydrophobic segments that were relatively stable and could be in situ converted into residual carbon to support the mesoporous structure, via living free radical polymerization.

Carbon black photo-oxidation selectively mineralizes sp3-hybridized carbon, leading to enhanced graphitization.

Graphene, for its turn, is an atom-thick sheet of sp2-hybridized carbons that is considered a zero bandgap semimetal material.

Because BrHgO• can abstract hydrogen atoms from sp3-hybridized carbons on many organic compounds, we expect production of BrHgOH to dominate globally, although formation of BrHgONO and BrHgONO2 may compete in urban regions.

In this work, graphene oxide with both sp2- and sp3-hybridized carbons was electrophoretic deposited on titanium and reduced to regulate the hybridization type of carbon atoms to investigate its effect and possible mechanism on human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs).

Graphdiyne is a new member of the family of carbon-based nanomaterials that possess two types of carbon atoms, sp- and sp2 -hybridized carbon atoms.

Here, we show that all the distinctive optical properties of CDots, including the giant Stokes shift of photoluminescence and the strong dependence of emission color on excitation wavelength, can be explained by the linear optical response of the partially sp2-hybridized carbon domains located on the surface of the CDots' sp3-hybridized amorphous cores.

It was assumed that the modification of electrical properties is due to the effect of electron irradiation on the ensembles of the sp3-hybridized carbon atoms.

The sample presents 2D mesoporous structure and is exactly composed of sp and sp2 -hybridized carbon atoms as the γ-graphyne structure.

When intercalated between extended non-fluorinated sp2-hybridized carbon regions, physisorbed Br2 molecules move freely across the non-functionalized region toward the CF border.

sp2 carbon nanomaterials are mainly composed of sp2-hybridized carbon atoms in the form of a hexagonal network.

The existence of MC provides uniform mesopores and increases the surface area of the composite materials, offers rich active sites, and at the same time, the CNTs supply sp2-hybridized carbon which benefits the conductivity.

Graphdiyne, the rising-star carbon allotrope, is a big family with many members, and first realized the coexistence of sp- and sp2 -hybridized carbon atoms in a 2D planar structure.

The 2-D sheet of sp2-hybridized carbon atoms in graphene helps grant the material unique and useful chemical, material, and electronic properties.

Graphene is a two-dimensional crystal in which sp2-hybridized carbon atoms have valence bonds with three neighbors.

Carbyne is a carbon allotrope whose structure is a one-dimensional chain of sp-hybridized carbon atoms.

Graphene is an ideal two-dimensional material formed of sp 2 -hybridized carbon.

It was found that the widths of the D and the G peaks decreased with increasing annealing temperature, reflecting an improved order in the sp2-hybridized carbon during the transformation from NDs to carbon onions.

A single atom of W coordinated with one N atom (doping into an sp-hybridized carbon atom) exhibits the highest catalytic performance with ultra-low onset potential of 0.

This work not only presents a potential resource-based disposal of sewage sludge, a novel research thought from whole to part for materials performance measurement, but also provides guidance for carbon materials’ design for persulfate activation, especially for sp2 and sp3 co-hybridized carbons.

In solution, the flexibility of the sp3-hybridized carbon atom in DMAC of DMAC–TPA–TRZ, compared to the rigid PXZ, allows significant conformational reorganization, giving rise to multiple charge-transfer excited states.

The role of metal-graphene interface and the substrate in removing excess heat from graphene channel is discussed, while emphasizing the need for sp-hybridized carbon atoms at metal-graphene interface for reliable, long-term operation of graphene-based devices.

All three SiOC glass ceramics have a vitreous silica matrix in common, but comprise different homogeneously dispersed phases 1) only spherical beta-SiC nanoparticles (sample denoted hereafter SiC/SiO2), 2) only high-aspect ratio sp(2)-hybridized carbon (i.

Non-heme iron halogenases represent synthetically valuable biocatalysts that are capable of halogenating unactivated sp3-hybridized carbon centers with exquisite stereo- and regioselectivity.

Graphdiyne is a new carbon allotrope comprising sp- and sp2 -hybridized carbon atoms arranged in a 2D layered structure.

XPS measurements cannot detect quantitative transitions of sp^2- and sp^3-hybridized carbons in the films, resulting in 55-59 % of sp^3 contents.

sp-Hybridized carbon atomic wires are appealing systems with large property tunability.

Graphdiyne (GDY) is a two-dimensional (2D) carbon allotrope consisting of sp2- and sp-hybridized carbon atoms.

The bridging carbon atom C1 was best described as trigonal planar sp-hybridized carbon in this structure.

The nitrogen and silicon elements of Cot350 served as primary catalytic sites for NH2Cl activation, whereas the sp2-hybridized carbon on WS700 and CS700 played a major role.

Graphyne, a theorized carbon allotrope possessing only sp - and sp 2 -hybridized carbon atoms, holds great potentials in many fields, especially in catalysis, energy transfer/storage devices.

The main proportion of the surface carbon atoms (68–71%) on all the chars represented sp2-hybridized carbons in the graphene fragments, while the remaining 29–32% accounted for as oxidized carbon species of different configurations.

Analysis of radial distribution function indicates that <i>sp</i>³ hybridized carbon atoms tend to grow near already existing <i>sp</i>³-atoms.

An increase in the electronic stopping power of the ion resulted (i) in suppression of the structural ordering at low fluences and (ii) in increased amorphization efficiency and formation of sp-hybridized carbon chains of both polyynes and polycumulenes at high fluences.

Longer deposition time (30 min, 450 °C) causes carbon amorphization and an increased fraction of sp3-hybridized carbon, leading to enlargement of vertically oriented carbonaceous nanostructures and growth of pillars.