Introduction to Grand Unification

What is/are Grand Unification?

Grand Unification - The study of space-time variations of dimensionless physical constants is a necessary approach to search for mysterious phenomena beyond the Standard Model (SM) and General Relativity (GR) motivated by Grand Unification Theories (GUTs). ^[1] The successful explanation requires the messenger sector which violates the relation motivated by the grand unification theory (GUT). ^[2] The goal is nothing less than a grand unification of all knowledge such that items are endlessly visible, explorable, linkable, navigable, etc. ^[3] We present a minimal model of asymptotic grand unification based on an SU(5) model in a compact S/(Z2 × Z2) orbifold. ^[4] Motivated by grand unification, we assume that the neutrino Dirac mass matrix is dominated by a single entry of the order of the top-quark mass, which leaves the low-energy phases of the lepton mixing matrix as the only sources of CP violation. ^[5] Model building in SO(10), which is the leading grand unification framework, often involves large Higgs representations and their couplings. ^[6] Supersymmetric grand unification based on $SO(10)$ is one of the most attractive paradigms in physics beyond the Standard Model. ^[7] The full ATLAS Run 2 data set with time-integrated luminosity of 139 fb$^{-1}$ in the diboson and dilepton channels is used to probe benchmark models with extended gauge sectors: the $E_6$-motivated Grand Unification models, the left-right symmetric $LR$ and the sequential standard model (EGM). ^[8] Product group unification is an attractive alternative to simple grand unification. ^[9] A grand unification of electroweak and strong forces is presented based on a new idea called Unified Charged Vectors. ^[10] We discuss a theory in which symmetry between electricity and magnetism comes forward at the level of a grand unification mathematical logic as the defined symmetry between gravity and magnetogravity within the same allgravity responsible for all that in a curved space-time. ^[11] As concrete examples, we discuss wash-in leptogenesis after axion inflation and in the context of grand unification. ^[12] The fitting procedure involves a top-down approach in which we solve the renormalization group equations from the scale of grand unification down to the electroweak scale. ^[13] In accordance with some grand unification theories, magnetic monopoles were created during the phase of symmetry breaking in the early Universe, and accelerated by galactic magnetic fields. ^[14] The possibility of motivational probes variations in dimensionless fundamental constants like the fine-structure constant, the proton-to-electron mass ratio, and the gravitational constant could provide a significant test of grand unification theories (GUTs). ^[15] It is contended that Ground-0 Axioms open a new era of science and philosophy—the era of mind-light-matter unity in which human-level white-box AI&QI is logically prompted to join Einstein's grand unification to foster major scientific advances. ^[16] The natural extension to the SU(5) Georgi-Glashow grand unification model is to enlarge the gauge symmetry group. ^[17] The $U$ boson fits within the grand unification framework, in symbiosis with a $SU(4{)}_{\mathrm{es}}$ electrostrong symmetry broken at the grand unification scale, with ${Q}_{U}$ depending on $Q$, $B\ensuremath{-}L$, ${F}_{A}$, and ${T}_{3A}$ through three parameters ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{Y}$, ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{A}$, and $\ensuremath{\eta}$. ^[18] This formidable target towards the grand unification poses unique challenges due to multiple time scales and conflicting objectives. ^[19] Our experiments establish the superfluid phases of 3He in nanostructured confinement as a promising topological media for further investigations ranging from topological quantum computing to cosmology and grand unification scenarios. ^[20] We start by doing a model-independent analysis (studying the internal consistency of the various available datasets) but also explore specific phenomenological models motivated by string theory and grand unification. ^[21] The needed vacuum expectation values for breaking gauge U(1)'s except U(1)$_Y$ of the standard model carry \UoR~charge 4 modulo 4 such that \UoR~is broken down to $\Z_{4R}$ at the grand unification scale. ^[22] Resulting baryon asymmetry is automatically small for the scalars with the masses about the Grand Unification scale and larger. ^[23] The model accommodates the mass spectrum, mixing and CP phases for both quarks and leptons and allows for grand unification. ^[24] Several of these can be addressed within non-supersymmetric theories of grand unification based on $\mathrm{SO}(10)$. ^[25] Compared to the minimal supersymmetric standard model, an extension by vectorlike fermions is able to explain the Higgs mass while retains the grand unification. ^[26] Not understand the difference between scales of the standard model and Grand unification theory. ^[27] Neutrino experiments can also be used to search for baryon decays, predicted by Grand Unification Theories, for which we present an overview of the current limits and future sensitivities. ^[28] Embodied cognition contributes to unification even if it fails to offer a grand unification of cognitive science. ^[29] We identify a narrow parameter space by combining the constraints from the observed DM relic abundance, the results of the search for a $Z^\prime$ boson resonance at the Large Hadron Collider Run-2, and the gauge coupling perturbativity up to the Planck/Grand Unification scale. ^[30] $SO(5) \times U(1) \times SU(3)$ gauge-Higgs unification model inspired by $SO(11)$ gauge-Higgs grand unification is constructed in the Randall-Sundrum warped space. ^[31] If our results can be extrapolated to β≃10−15,even strings formed at 10-16 GeV (approximately the grand unification scale in supersymmetric extensions of the Standard Model) can be compatible with CMB constraints. ^[32] We show that this is possible in the Next-to-Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (NMSSM), in which alignment is achieved for values of the coupling of the Higgs fields to the singlet field that become large close to the Grand Unification (GUT) scale. ^[33] We perform a consistent analysis of the alternative left-right symmetric model emerging from E 6 grand unification. ^[34] We examine orbifold theories of grand unification with Scherk-Schwarz twisting, performing a renormalization group analysis and applying low energy experimental constraints. ^[35] In recent years, the Lie group SU(7) has been featured prominently in a number of grand unification proposals involving the Standard Model as a low energy effective theory. ^[36] Motivated by the $R_{D^{(*)}}$ anomalies, we investigate an $\mathrm{SO}(10)$ grand unification scenario where a charge $-1/3$ scalar leptoquark ($S_1$) remains as the only new physics candidate at the TeV-scale. ^[37]

grand unification theory

The study of space-time variations of dimensionless physical constants is a necessary approach to search for mysterious phenomena beyond the Standard Model (SM) and General Relativity (GR) motivated by Grand Unification Theories (GUTs). ^[1] The successful explanation requires the messenger sector which violates the relation motivated by the grand unification theory (GUT). ^[2] In accordance with some grand unification theories, magnetic monopoles were created during the phase of symmetry breaking in the early Universe, and accelerated by galactic magnetic fields. ^[3] The possibility of motivational probes variations in dimensionless fundamental constants like the fine-structure constant, the proton-to-electron mass ratio, and the gravitational constant could provide a significant test of grand unification theories (GUTs). ^[4] Not understand the difference between scales of the standard model and Grand unification theory. ^[5] Neutrino experiments can also be used to search for baryon decays, predicted by Grand Unification Theories, for which we present an overview of the current limits and future sensitivities. ^[6]

grand unification scale

The needed vacuum expectation values for breaking gauge U(1)'s except U(1)$_Y$ of the standard model carry \UoR~charge 4 modulo 4 such that \UoR~is broken down to $\Z_{4R}$ at the grand unification scale. ^[1] Resulting baryon asymmetry is automatically small for the scalars with the masses about the Grand Unification scale and larger. ^[2] We identify a narrow parameter space by combining the constraints from the observed DM relic abundance, the results of the search for a $Z^\prime$ boson resonance at the Large Hadron Collider Run-2, and the gauge coupling perturbativity up to the Planck/Grand Unification scale. ^[3] If our results can be extrapolated to β≃10−15,even strings formed at 10-16 GeV (approximately the grand unification scale in supersymmetric extensions of the Standard Model) can be compatible with CMB constraints. ^[4]

grand unification scenario

Our experiments establish the superfluid phases of 3He in nanostructured confinement as a promising topological media for further investigations ranging from topological quantum computing to cosmology and grand unification scenarios. ^[1] Motivated by the $R_{D^{(*)}}$ anomalies, we investigate an $\mathrm{SO}(10)$ grand unification scenario where a charge $-1/3$ scalar leptoquark ($S_1$) remains as the only new physics candidate at the TeV-scale. ^[2]

grand unification framework

Model building in SO(10), which is the leading grand unification framework, often involves large Higgs representations and their couplings. ^[1] The $U$ boson fits within the grand unification framework, in symbiosis with a $SU(4{)}_{\mathrm{es}}$ electrostrong symmetry broken at the grand unification scale, with ${Q}_{U}$ depending on $Q$, $B\ensuremath{-}L$, ${F}_{A}$, and ${T}_{3A}$ through three parameters ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{Y}$, ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{A}$, and $\ensuremath{\eta}$. ^[2]

grand unification model

The full ATLAS Run 2 data set with time-integrated luminosity of 139 fb$^{-1}$ in the diboson and dilepton channels is used to probe benchmark models with extended gauge sectors: the $E_6$-motivated Grand Unification models, the left-right symmetric $LR$ and the sequential standard model (EGM). ^[1] The natural extension to the SU(5) Georgi-Glashow grand unification model is to enlarge the gauge symmetry group. ^[2]