Introduction to Fluorescence Probe

The contents of reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the activities of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and acetylcholine transferase (ChAT) in the hippocampus tissue were detected by using ELISA, changes of hippocampal mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) detected using JC-1 fluorescence probe, and the expression levels of hippocampal phosphorylated (p)-PI3K, p-Akt and mTOR proteins measured using Western blot.

The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and changes in mitochondrial membrane potential were examined using the specific fluorescence probes, DCFH2-DA (2′,7′-dichloro-dihydrofluorescein diacetate) and JC-1 (5,5′,6,6′-tetrachloro-1,1′,3,3′-tetraethylbenzimidazolcarbocyanine).

A novel benzimidazole-derived active Schiff base fluorescence probe 1-[[(1H-1,3-benzodiazol-2-yl)imino]methyl]naphthalen-2-ol (HBN) was designed, synthesized and characterized with high selectivity toward Cu2+ based on “OFF-ON-OFF” aggregation-induced emission (AIE) fluorescence strategy.

Herein, we first present a new strategy using 2′,3′-O-isopropylideneadenosine (Ade) acting as active site of many molecules in the Golgi and tetraphenylethylene (TPE) with aggregation-induced emission (AIE) characteristics to design and synthesize a fluorescence probe termed as TPE-Ade.

Excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) is one of the most basic strategies for designing fluorescence probes.

A new fluorescence probe L, which featured with a large Stokes shift (216 nm), was designed for sensitive detection of cysteine (Cys) and a potential sensing mechanism derived from excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) was proposed.

The fluorescence probe measurements reveal that the critical micelle concentration (CMC) and micellar micropolarity (I1/I3Micelles) of SMS/12-3-12 and SMS/DTAB mixed micelles are always lied below the individual surfactants and reach the minimum values at equimolar compositions, which indicates the synergistic electrostatic attraction and hydrophobic interaction in the mixed micelles.

The fluorescence probe technique of pyrene reveals that the presence of FA favors the micellization of NaDC, leading to the decreased critical micelle concentrations for the formation of NaDC micelles.

The ratiometric fluorescence probe presented showed good sensitivity and selectivity for detecting miRNA-203 and the limit of detection was 400 pM with a wide linear range from 1 nM to 160 nM.

A MnO2 nanosheet-assisted ratiometric fluorescence probe based on carbon quantum dots (CQDs) and o-phenylenediamine (OPD) has been developed for the detection of the anticancer drug 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP).

A novel fluorescence probe TPA-BMZ for Cu2+, based on intramolecular charge transfer, was designed and synthesized.

A novel fluorescence probe NA-LCX was rationally designed and synthesized for the sequential recognition of Cu2+ and H2S by the combination of hydroxyl-naphthalene and diformylphenol groups.

Herein, a highly sensitive NIR fluorescence probe DDAO-PN for in vivo detection of ONOO- in inflammation progress was reported.

Moreover, since the fluorescence of C-dots can be recovered after the reduction of disulfide bonds and selectively accumulation of nanocarriers around tumor tissue, the DOX@HMSN-SS-C-dots-PLL(cit) can be served as a promising NIR fluorescence probe for targeted imaging of tumor tissue.

The robust and biocompatible pentoxy-substituted polymer can be used not only as metal-free red-emissive phosphor for efficient warm white light-emitting diodes, but also as efficient two-photon fluorescence probes for bio-imaging.

Therefore, the design and preparation of two‐photon fluorescence probes based on AIEgen to achieve high‐efficiency fluorescence imaging in vitro/in vivo has become a major research hotspot.

A polarity-sensitive fluorescence probe AMN was developed to demonstrate the role of autophagy inhibitory drugs in the process of leather residue-induced neuroinflammation, promoting the knowledge of the relationship between autophagy and neuroinflammation.

As a specific and sensitive fluorescence probe, LAP with mitochondria-targetable moiety was ability to detect exogenous ONOO− in SMMC-7721 and RAW264.

Here, we report two fluorescein diacetate (FDA)-based activatable fluorescence probes, named 5ArgAF-FDA and 5LysAF-FDA, in which the substrate amino acid arginine or lysine is conjugated to the benzene moiety via an azoformyl linker.

Recently, a variety of activatable fluorescence probes that can detect enzyme activities have been developed for cancer imaging.

The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and changes in mitochondrial membrane potential were examined using the specific fluorescence probes, DCFH2-DA (2′,7′-dichloro-dihydrofluorescein diacetate) and JC-1 (5,5′,6,6′-tetrachloro-1,1′,3,3′-tetraethylbenzimidazolcarbocyanine).

Additional studies using a mitochondria-specific fluorescence probe (MitoPY1) in vessels revealed that enhanced peroxynitrite levels are indeed generated in mitochondria.

Herein, we report the development of a near-infrared fluorescence probe based upon tirofiban, a clinically-approved small molecule glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor (GPIIb/IIIa).

Cyanine derivatives, the raw materials of classic near-infrared fluorescence probes, have been often used and developed to study imaging under different spectroscopes.

A multi-responsive fluorescence probe NPH was rational configured on the receptor1-fluorophore-receptor2 model to discriminatively detect Al3+, Mg2+ and Zn2+.

In addition, L could serve as a multi-responsive fluorescence probe for Al3+ based on the coordination reaction in a MeOH/H2O (9/1, v/v, pH = 7.

In this article, a new fluorescence probe 7,8-benzochromone-3-carbaldehyde- (rhodamine B carbonyl) hydrazone (L) was synthesized, which had been explored to detect Zn2+ and trivalent metal ions M3+ (Al3+, Cr3+ and Fe3+).

A new fluorescence probe (H2L) is designed and synthesized for efficient and selective detection of Zn(II).

There was no evidence of mitochondrial ROS (mROS), as detected with a selective fluorescence probe, at days 3 and 6, possibly due to the triggering of the Nrf‐2 antioxidant response.

Spectrofluorimetric studies on real matrices showed the possibility to use this system as a selective fluorescence probe to detect and trace the presence of Gadolinium in environmental water acting as an OFF-ON chemosensor, with a LOD of 0.

Compared with the reported NIR-II fluorescence probe systems, the atomic-precision metal clusters with unambiguous geometry structure can make the most of the spatial coordination of metal atoms by artificial atom manipulation, thus improving the luminescent quantum yield with tunable emission wavelength.

A nitroreductase (NTR)-activated NIR-II fluorescence probe for tumor imaging is reported.

Carbon dots (CDs) are considered as a promising fluorescence probe or drug delivery system due to their stable fluorescence property and excellent biocompatibility.

Aggregation-induced emission nanoparticles serve as promising fluorescence probes for multi-photon excitation microscopy due to the large absorption cross-section in the NIR-IIb region.

Herein, novel water-stable Tb3+@MOF-808 has been synthesized using a coordinated postsynthetic modification strategy and designed as a convenient and efficient fluorescence probe.

Thus, it is in great demand to develop an efficient fluorescence probe for the measurement of O 2 · −.

Meanwhile, It can also be used as a multi-response fluorescence probe to detect toluene in DMF solution, limit of detection is 9.

Meanwhile, It can also be used as a multi-response fluorescence probe to detect toluene in DMF solution, limit of detection is 9.

The intracellular ROS accumulation was evaluated using a DCFH-DA fluorescence probe.

One-step method, DCFH-DA fluorescence probe method and immunofluorescence method were used to detect nitric oxide (NO), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and p65 nuclear transcription, respectively.

Small molecule fluorescence probes stand out acting as efficient tools to detect biomolecules, especially biomacromolecules.

Current methods have at least two major limitations: the lack of high-performance intracellular single-molecule fluorescence probes and the difficulty of multispecies single-molecule labelling.

Upconversion fluorescence probes are ideal for tumor marker sensing, but still subject to bottleneck problems of low emission efficiency/strength.

To our knowledge, no example of using upconversion fluorescence probe for continuous detection of trace MB and Fe2+ has been reported for now, and test results are superior compared with most reported Fe2+ probes.

The fluorescence of the Cu NCs can be quenched due to inner filter effect (IFE) between CCM and Cu NCs, and the ratio fluorescence probe was formed.

In addition, the probe is a ratio fluorescence probe, which can detect fluorescence intensity with two different emission waves.

This Article not only reports an excellent fluorescence probe for copper(II) ion detection but also presents an instance for more fully understanding the metal coordination process.

The stable optoelectronic properties of l-Glu/Gly/EuCl3·6H2O under external factors, such as mass ratio (13,1 to 18:1), temperature (30-50 °C), pH (1 to 14) and storage time ( >42 days), approved l-Glu/Gly/EuCl3·6H2O an excellent fluorescence probe.

The designing or identification of extrinsic fluorescence probes for the sensitive and selective detection of amyloid fibrils, which can emit in the red to near infrared region, is an extremely important area of research.

Extrinsic fluorescence probes have been little used to study melanin, but the evidence from ThT fluorescence is consistent with other techniques in finding that eumelanin’s constituent dihydroxyindoles form a stacked sheet structure akin to graphite.

The designed fluorescence probe responded to concentration of ceftazidime over a linear range of 0.

A novel designed fluorescence probe for specific recognition and sensitive detection of oxytetracycline (OTC) was fabricated with CDs and molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP).

In this study, a label-free fluorescence probe based on poly-thymine copper nanoclusters engineered by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase is proposed for methyltransferase activity assay.

First, we put the nucleic acid probe and antibody together, probe entered cell by peptide (L17E) mediated endocytosis; In order to decreased background signals, the quenching probes were deliveried into cells to neutralise free fluorescence probes.

In order to effectively monitor the occurrence of residues of CAP, herein a simple fluorescence probe of glutathione stabilized gold nanoclusters (GSH-AuNCs) is synthesized and characterized.

A rapid and simple fluorescence probe based on CeO2 quantum dots (QDs) was developed for highly selective and ultrasensitive direct determination of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP).

The contents of reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the activities of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and acetylcholine transferase (ChAT) in the hippocampus tissue were detected by using ELISA, changes of hippocampal mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) detected using JC-1 fluorescence probe, and the expression levels of hippocampal phosphorylated (p)-PI3K, p-Akt and mTOR proteins measured using Western blot.

Mitochondrion membrane potential (MMP) was evaluated by JC-1 fluorescence probe method.

A novel benzimidazole-derived active Schiff base fluorescence probe 1-[[(1H-1,3-benzodiazol-2-yl)imino]methyl]naphthalen-2-ol (HBN) was designed, synthesized and characterized with high selectivity toward Cu2+ based on “OFF-ON-OFF” aggregation-induced emission (AIE) fluorescence strategy.

Herein, a novel phenolphthalein-derived Schiff base fluorescence probe FF2H has readily been synthesized and applied to be fluorescence ″turn-on‶ probe for Al3+ sensing in aceto-nitrile (ACN) : HEPES (5.

In this paper, an effective fluorescence probe Gol-CO was reported for CO imaging in Golgi apparatus.

A 3D MOF with nanosized channels can act as an effective fluorescence probe, showing obvious fluorescence “turn-off” for nitroaromatic explosives.

The cell death was detected by staining with two fluorescence probes, one penetrating only the changed nuclear membranes, the other penetrating also the unchanged cells.

Herein, we report two fluorescence probes (Probe 1 and Probe 2) based on cyanoethylene group for cyanide anion (CN-) detection.

Several GGT-targeting fluorescence probes have been designed and prepared, but their clinical applications are limited due to their shallow tissue penetration.

Moreover, this work also provides novel insights into rational design of mitochondrion targeting fluorescence probes for ultrahigh resolution living cell imaging.

Lipid droplets (LDs) targeted fluorescence probe have been believed to be an effective tool for diagnosis and therapy of some tumors with abnormal lipid metabolism, while there are very few probes with simultaneous high efficiency in LDs imaging and inhibiting tumor proliferation.

Therefore, this enzyme-targeted fluorescence probe (APLN) is a potential reagent for in situ imaging and fluorescent-visible cancer therapy.

However, commercial fluorescence probes are stalked by the aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ) effect, and the r.

We tested this hypothesis in a controlled experiment using three commercial fluorescence probes which continuously measured f-Chl a and f-PC from a culture of the cyanobacterium Dolichospermum variabilis as well as f-Chl a from a culture of the green alga Ankistrodesmus gracilis in a simulated natural light regime.

Efficient and viable approaches to design and develop fluorescence probes with tunable photophysical properties without compromising other key features are of paramount importance.

Considering that the aberrant levels of hypochlorous acid (HClO) is closely related to the occurrence and development of various diseases, many efforts have been made to develop fluorescence probes for monitoring the fluctuation of HClO concentration in biological systems and for investigating its physiological and pathological roles.

The radical trapping and coumarin fluorescence probe methods suggest the generation of OH in the catalytic pathways.

One-step method, DCFH-DA fluorescence probe method and immunofluorescence method were used to detect nitric oxide (NO), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and p65 nuclear transcription, respectively.

The measurements of hydroxyl radicals ( OH) and superoxide radicals (O2 −) by using electron spin resonance (ESR) and fluorescence probe techniques, indicated that the enhanced synergistic photocatalytic activity of TiO2/oxidant can be attributed to the facilitated separation of electron–hole pairs and the increased utilization of electrons, thus promoting overall OH formation.

Discrimination of human serum albumin (HSA) from bovine serum albumin (BSA) based on the fluorescence probe technique is still challenging due to similar chemical structures.

ROS production was measured using the fluorescence probe 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (H2DCFDA).

A fluorescence probe 2-(2-aminophenyl)benzothiazole (abbreviated as probe 1), designed to detect phosgene, had been developed based on an excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) process in experiment (L.

The fluorescence probe measurements reveal that the critical micelle concentration (CMC) and micellar micropolarity (I1/I3Micelles) of SMS/12-3-12 and SMS/DTAB mixed micelles are always lied below the individual surfactants and reach the minimum values at equimolar compositions, which indicates the synergistic electrostatic attraction and hydrophobic interaction in the mixed micelles.

In a 2019 and 2020 Lake Constance field campaign, we collected samples from a distinct red-pigmented biomass maximum below the chlorophyll-a maximum, which was determined using fluorescence probe measurements at depths between 18 and 20 m.

A novel benzimidazole-derived active Schiff base fluorescence probe 1-[[(1H-1,3-benzodiazol-2-yl)imino]methyl]naphthalen-2-ol (HBN) was designed, synthesized and characterized with high selectivity toward Cu2+ based on “OFF-ON-OFF” aggregation-induced emission (AIE) fluorescence strategy.

The fluorescence probe 1,3-Dichloro-7-hydroxy-9,9-dimethyl-2(9H)-acridone methyl biphenyl benzoate was used in FPA detection.

A novel turn-on fluorescence probe L has been designed that exhibits high selectivity and sensitivity with a detection limit of 9.

A new fluorescence probe L, which featured with a large Stokes shift (216 nm), was designed for sensitive detection of cysteine (Cys) and a potential sensing mechanism derived from excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) was proposed.

Compared with the reported NIR-II fluorescence probe systems, the atomic-precision metal clusters with unambiguous geometry structure can make the most of the spatial coordination of metal atoms by artificial atom manipulation, thus improving the luminescent quantum yield with tunable emission wavelength.

Then, ascorbic acid was added into the fluorescence probe system, which reduced iron ions and turned on fluorescence to realize the detection of ascorbic acid.