Introduction to Emission Tomography

METHODS Participants (N = 111; 33 patients with psychosis, 37 individuals at clinical high risk, and 41 healthy control subjects) underwent a TSPO [18F]FEPPA positron emission tomography scan and a magnetic resonance imaging scan.

CS Cardiac sarcoidosis CT Computed tomography CTAC Computed tomography attenuation corrected FDG F-Fluorodeoxyglucose HLA Horizontal long axis ICD Implantable cardioverter defibrillator LV Left ventricle LVEF Left ventricular ejection fraction MRI Magnetic resonance imaging NAC Non-attenuation correction NSVT Non-sustained ventricular tachycardia NYHA New York heart association PET Positron emission tomography PVC Premature ventricular contraction RV Right ventricle SAX Short axis SUV Standard uptake value VT Ventricular tachycardia VLA Vertical long axis.

INTRODUCTION Prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) positron emission tomography (PET) with computed tomography (CT) is a promising molecular imaging technique for prostate cancer (PCa).

Whole-body multiparameter MRI and positron emission tomography (PET) with specific tracers, such as prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA), fluciclovine, fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG), and so on, has demonstrated promising clinical value for treatment response monitoring of patients with metastatic CRPC.

It is noteworthy to point out that a large body of evidence shows cardiac positron emission tomography (PET) to exhibit a higher diagnostic accuracy than conventional single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) for detection of CAD in stable chest pain patients.

Dopaminergic deficiency, shown by many studies using functional neuroimaging with Single Photon Emission Computerized Tomography (SPECT) and Positron Emission Tomography (PET), is the most consistent neurochemical feature of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behaviour disorder (RBD) and, together with transcranial ultrasonography, and determination of alpha-synuclein in certain tissues, should be considered as a reliable marker for the phenoconversion of idiopathic RBD (iRBD) to a synucleopathy (Parkinson’s disease –PD- or Lewy body dementia -LBD).

Therefore, we aimed to determine which patient and tumor characteristics, including concurrent T2DM, are related to high glucose uptake in the majority of tumor lesions in NSCLC patients as measured by 2-deoxy-2-[fluorine-18]fluoro-D-glucose (18F-FDG) positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) scans.

To assess the additional value of 2-deoxy-2-[18F] fluoro-d-glucose ([18F]FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) or PET/CT over conventional morphological imaging techniques in the treatment response assessment of gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) to molecular targeted therapy (MTT), we performed a meta-analysis of all the available studies to compare the predictive value of [18F]FDG PET or PET/CT and conventional imaging techniques for assessing the response to MTT in GIST.

Background/Aim: Preoperative fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (FDG PET-CT) is a non-invasive and useful diagnostic tool to evaluate mediastinal lymph node (LN) metastasis in lung cancer.

This study aims to investigate the clinical utility of fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (18F-FDG PET/CT) in treatment-naive patients with TSCC.

F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) has been used for various cancers to predict their prognoses, including gastrointestinal and pancreatic cancers.

However, a standardized clinical evaluation of asymmetric neuronal degeneration and its impact on clinical findings has only sporadically been investigated for F-18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (F-18-FDG-PET).

The positron emission tomography/computed tomography scan revealed the clustered enlarged lymph nodes with increased radioactivity uptake in the right neck level V, and strong radioactivity uptake was also displayed in the right ovarian regions.

Positron emission tomography/computed tomography scans were performed after exposure to 16 °C for 2 h to quantify peak CIBA.

We hypothesized that early measurements of tumor maximum standardized uptake value corrected for lean body mass (SULmax) on 18F-labeled fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT) would predict pathologic complete response (pCR) to pertuzumab and trastuzumab (PT).

OBJECTIVE The prognostic potential of pretreatment maximum standardized uptake volume (SUVmax) on gallium-68-DOTATATE was evaluated with positron emission tomography/computed tomography (68Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT) in 37 patients with G1/G2 gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (NET) who received peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) with lutetium-177-[DOTAo,Tyr3] octreotate (177Lu-DOTATATE) after the failure of somatostatin analogues.

During the work-up, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging showed a pattern of inflammation consistent with sarcoidosis, which was confirmed with (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography.

OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to investigate the diagnostic value of simultaneous hybrid cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) and 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) for detection and differentiation of active (aCS) from chronic (cCS) cardiac sarcoidosis.

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) describes brain connectivity based on cerebral oxygenation dynamics (hemodynamic connectivity), whereas [18 F]-fluorodeoxyglucose functional positron emission tomography (FDG-fPET) describes brain connectivity based on cerebral glucose uptake (metabolic connectivity), each providing a unique characterisation of the human brain.

Though there exist other techniques to extract the same like Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), positron emission tomography (PET) we have used EEG as it is economical.

Positron emission tomography (PET) scan showed the mass had an increased F18 FDG uptake with standardized uptake value (SUV) of 7.

Purpose To systematically evaluate the consistency of various standardized uptake value (SUV) lean body mass (LBM) normalization methods in a clinical positron emission tomography/magnetic resonance imaging (PET/MR) setting.

Thorax CT, and whole-body positron emission tomography–computed tomography (PET-CT) were unremarkable.

Background This retrospective study was performed to estimate the clinical role of whole-body positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) using 2-[18F] fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG) in the differential diagnosis of primary benign and malignant unilateral adrenal tumors.

Forty-four healthy men underwent 18F-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography and were divided into Low-BAT and High-BAT groups.

OBJECTIVES We investigated the [18F]-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG)-positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) findings of pancreatic and extrapancreatic lesions in patients with autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) and pancreatic cancer (PC) and evaluated the usefulness of 18F-FDG-PET/CT for differentiating between AIP and PC.

This study retrospectively investigated the clinical utility of 2-deoxy-18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) and circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in the diagnosis and prognosis of treatment-naive patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

Objective To determine whether the whole-body tumor burden, as quantified by 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron-emission tomography/computed tomography (18F-FDG PET/CT), is a prognostic indicator in advanced (stage III or IV) non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

Cardiac positron emission tomography myocardial perfusion imaging (PET MPI) has been proposed to be a better modality for avoiding false positives in patient with LBBB compared to SPECT.

Nitrogen-13 labeled ammonia ([13N]NH3) has been used for myocardial perfusion imaging with Positron Emission Tomography for decades.

To achieve this, plasma amyloid-β 42/40 (Aβ42/40), phosphorylated-tau181 (P-tau181), phosphorylated-tau217 (P-tau217) and neurofilament light (NfL) were determined in 159 non-demented individuals, 123 patients with AD dementia and 35 patients with a non-AD dementia from the Swedish BioFINDER-2 study, who underwent longitudinal amyloid (18 F-flutemetamol) and tau (18 F-RO948) positron emission tomography (PET), structural magnetic resonance imaging (T1-weighted) and cognitive testing.

In this paper, we propose a novel sparse regression method to fuse the auxiliary data into the predictor data for the pMCI/sMCI classification, where the predictor data is structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) information of both pMCI and sMCI subjects and the auxiliary data includes the ages of the subjects, the Positron Emission Tomography (PET) information of the predictor data, and the structural MRI information of AD and Normal Controls (NC).

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS We performed an open-label, phase II trial of combined high-dose intensity-modulated radiotherapy and ADT (6 mo) in oligorecurrent (five or fewer) pelvic node relapses in prostate cancer, detected by fluorocholine positron-emission tomography computed tomography imaging.

The role of brown adipose tissue (BAT) in infant metabolism remains poorly understood, primarily because of the inherent limitation of positron emission tomography/computed tomography imaging to measure BAT, which is not suitable for infants.

Using n = 174 paired dynamic HED and NH3 positron emission tomography (PET) scans, regional defect scores (%LV extent × severity) were calculated using HED and NH3 uptake, as well as HED distribution volume and NH3 myocardial blood flow by kinetic modeling.

Importantly, after epicardial placement of ONO-1301SR for 4 weeks, the myocardial blood flow significantly increased in the lateral region as assessed by 13N-ammonia positron emission tomography; this finding was consistent with significantly increased capillary density in the peri-infarct area with up-regulated angiogenic cytokine expression.

Positron emission tomography-computed tomography revealed hypermetabolic activity with a mass located over the upper sternum.

The positron emission tomography-computed tomography revealed a large amount of pleural effusion on the right side.

Contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) revealed bronchial wall thickening and we suspected RP; however, he had no auricular symptoms and did not meet the diagnostic McAdam criteria for RP, so we used 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/CT (FDG-PET/CT) to search for other cartilage lesions.

While contrast-enhanced computed tomography was noncontributory, positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT) revealed the diffuse, intense uptake of fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) in the aorta and its branches.

Computed tomography showed a solitary nodule with spiculation located on the upper lobe of the left lung while positron emission tomography suggested malignancy without metastasis.

A follow up Ga-68 DOTATATE PET/CT (Positron Emission Tomography and/or Computed Tomography) showed increased uptake in the primary bladder mass, right pelvic lymph node, numerous skeletal lesions, and pulmonary nodules, consistent with metastatic paraganglioma of the urinary bladder.

Radical local treatment of oligometastatic patients has then increased given developments in imaging (mainly positron emission tomography and brain magnetic resonance imaging) and access to effective and better tolerated treatments.

The need for positron-emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) and contrast-enhanced brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for these patients remains unclear.

4D medical imaging includes time-resolved volumetric computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography, single photon emission computed tomography, and ultrasound imaging.

Radiomics is a newer approach for analyzing radiological images obtained from conventional imaging modalities such as computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, endoscopic ultrasonography, and positron emission tomography.

The patient was found to be affected by a mild cognitive impairment associated with emotional blunting, with a brain structural magnetic resonance imaging and functional positron emission tomography, documenting frontal atrophy and frontal hypometabolism.

Here, using a machine-learning algorithm, we explore sex differences in metabolic brain-age derived from fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography imaging among cognitively healthy individuals and those affected by mild cognitive impairment and clinically probable AD.

Subsequently, a 5-Fluorodeoxyglucose-Positron Emission Tomography (FDG PET) CT scan showed no evidence of active, ongoing large vessel vasculitis.

18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography with computed tomography (FDG-PET/CT) is widely used in patients with large-vessel vasculitis (1).

To evaluate the role of positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) in predicting pathologic complete response (pCR) and identify relevant prognostic factors from clinico-imaging-pathologic features of locally advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (eSCC) patients undergoing trimodality therapy.

Purpose To investigate the impact of staging on differences in glucose metabolic heterogeneity between lung adenocarcinoma (ADC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) by 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (18F-FDG PET) textural analysis and to develop a stage-specific PET radiomic prediction model to distinguish lung ADC from SCC.

Arthritis was assessed by 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) small-animal positron emission tomography/computed tomography and bone mineral density (BMD) was measured.

The small animal positron emission tomography (PET) scanner from Molecular Imaging Laboratory (LIM/CDTN) is dedicated to pre-clinical studies on new 18F and 11C-based radiopharmaceuticals and to development of novel applications for well-known radiopharmaceuticals.

The present study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of ultra-low 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) activity in total-body positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) oncological studies.

To solve this issue, the present study aimed to evaluate model-based AC for whole-body 2-[fluorine-18]-fluoro-2-deoxy- d -glucose ( 18 F-FDG) positron emission tomography (PET)/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) by creating bone segmentation.

Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the incidence of hypermetabolic axillary lymph nodes due to COVID-19 vaccines and the factors affecting hypermetabolic axillary lymph nodes in F18-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) in on cology patients.

Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/CT performed in June 2019 showed disease relapse, with reappearance of a large hypermetabolic hepatic mass and involvement of mediastinal and axillary lymph nodes.

Positron emission tomography (PET) using small ligands of the fibroblast activation protein (FAP) was recently introduced.

Purpose Small molecules targeting fibroblast activation protein (FAP) have emerged as a new group of tracers for positron emission tomography (PET) in 2018.

A 32-year-old man was found to have a nasal mass on DOTATATE positron emission tomography (PET) scan to investigate the cause of his syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH).

We present an interesting case of a 48-year-old man with paraneoplastic hyperfibrinolysis, where 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT) was able to detect occult prostate-specific antigen-negative metastatic prostate cancer as the underlying etiology.

Forty volunteers (SCZ n  = 18, HV n  = 22) underwent [ 11 C]UCB-J positron emission tomography and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ( 1 H-MRS) imaging in the left hippocampus and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) to index [ 11 C]UCB-J distribution volume ratio (DVR), and creatine-scaled glutamate (Glu/Cr), glutamate and glutamine (Glx/Cr) and NAA (NAA/Cr).

Of clinical importance, increased choline metabolism and CHKα activity can be detected by non-invasive magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) or positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) imaging with radiolabeled choline analogs for diagnosis and treatment monitoring of cancer patients.

Adenosine receptor (AR) radiotracers for positron emission tomography (PET) have provided knowledge on the in vivo biodistribution of ARs in the central nervous system (CNS), which is of therapeutic interest for various neuropsychiatric disorders.

Positron emission tomography/computed tomography has also shown irreplaceable diagnostic value in certain disease processes of the central nervous system by providing molecular and metabolic information through the development of numerous disease-specific PET tracers, many of which can be utilized as a diagnostic technique in and of themselves or can provide a valuable adjunct to information derived from MR.

Coronary 18F-sodium fluoride (18F-NaF) positron emission tomography (PET) and computed tomography (CT) angiography-based quantitative plaque analysis have shown promise in refining risk stratification in patients with coronary artery disease.

Positron emission tomography (PET) is a leading non-invasive modality for the diagnosis of coronary artery disease due to its diagnostic accuracy and high image quality.

Gallium-68 and fluorine-18 labeled PSMA are currently available for positron emission tomography/ computed tomography (PET/CT) imaging for the diagnosis, staging, treatment planning and follow-up of prostate cancer.

The purpose of this study was to synthesize a fluorine-18 labeled, highly selective aldosterone synthase (hCYP11B2) inhibitor, [18F]AldoView, and to assess its potential for the detection of aldosterone-producing adenomas (APAs) with positron emission tomography in patients with primary hyperaldosteronism (PHA).

Measurements Gender, disease staging, APOE ε4 status, amyloid status, amyloid positron emission tomography (PET) standard uptake value ratio (SUVr) and amyloid PET Centiloid (CL) values were determined for screened subjects; by country and region.

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the standard uptake value (SUV) of body weight and SUV corrected for lean body mass (SUL) parameters obtained from the prostate gland in gallium-68 (68Ga)-prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET/CT) with Gleason grade (GG) groups, D’Amico risk groups, and presence of metastases.

We evaluated the prognostic value of myocardial flow reserve (MFR) obtained by 82-rubidium (82Rb) positron emission tomography (PET).

Myocardial flow reserve (MFR) derived from 13N-ammonia positron emission tomography (NH3-PET) can predict the prognosis of patients with various heart diseases.

In general, the diagnostic functionality of theranostic nanoparticles can be achieved through labeling gamma-emitted radioactive isotopes on the surface of nanoparticles which facilitates noninvasive detection using nuclear molecular imaging techniques, such as positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), meanwhile, the therapeutic effect arises from the potent drug released from the nanoparticle.

Early and specific detection of changes in the myocardium during the transition to heart failure can be made via the use of molecular imaging techniques, including positron emission tomography (PET).

Here we present a novel and integrative approach to understand complex bone metabolic interactions in vivo using total-body positron emission tomography (PET) network analysis of murine 18F-FDG scans, as a biomarker of glucose metabolism signature in bones.

Initial studies on this instrument have demonstrated encouraging results for total-body positron emission tomography imaging.

CONCLUSIONS Provided by the working group are suggestions and strategies to improve the implementation of new imaging techniques such as multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI), PSMA-PET/CT (prostate-specific membrane antigen-positron emission tomography/computed tomography) and innovative therapeutic options (radium-223 dichloride, lutetium-177-PSMA) in the complex treatment of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC).

Background The purpose of this study was to develop a voxel-wise clustering method of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and 3,4-dihydroxy-6-[ 18 F]-fluoro-L-phenylalanine (FDOPA) positron emission tomography (PET) images using an unsupervised, two-level clustering approach followed by support vector machine in order to classify the isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) status of gliomas.

We present a rare case of an operated primary angiosarcoma of the right breast in a 20-year-old female who showed disease recurrence in the right posterior arm subcutaneous tissue on 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography-computed tomography after 1 year of surgery without any other visceral metastasis.

We describe a case of a 16-year-old female with a false-positive positron emission tomography (PET) scan result following recent COVID-19 vaccination in left deltoid.

Studies were screened, and those investigating FC measured by resting-state functional MRI and Aβ and τ protein depositions using amyloid and τ positron emission tomography were included.

All subjects underwent a resting-state functional MRI and Fluoro-deoxy-glucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET).

Fluorine-18 labelled fluoro-deoxy-glucose-positron emission tomography scans provide a noninvasive method to assess the aggressiveness of the tumour and to rule out metastasis and is replacing the use of the bone scintigraphy.

This literature review aimed to investigate the current evidence on the use of 18F-fluoro-deoxy-glucose (FDG) Positron Emission Tomography (PET)/computer tomography (CT) in infectious complications after SOT.

Background The transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) is one of the treatment lines for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), this study was conducted to assess the role of functional imaging including the DWI, ADC and 18 F-2-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET/CT) for detection of residual HCC after TACE as compared to the structural liver imaging reporting and data system (LI-RADS).

In cervical cancer, precision oncology requires the acquisition of 18F-labelled 2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET), magnetic resonance (MR), and computed tomography (CT) images.

Background [ 18 F]-fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography/computed tomography ([ 18 F]FDG-PET/CT) has been implemented sporadically in hospital settings as the standard of care examination for recurrent breast cancer.

METHODS 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (18 F-FDG-PET/CT) imaging was performed in 304 individuals (median age 54 years; 42.

To stage the tumor, a bone marrow biopsy, CT, and positron emission tomography (PET) scan were done.

Large cooperative groups and national guidelines continue to advocate bone marrow biopsy (BMB) for staging but functional imaging techniques, such as 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) with computerised tomography (CT) have been increasingly used for staging cancers and whole-body magnetic resonance imaging (WB-MRI) for staging skeletal metastases.

Another avenue that is currently being explored is non-invasive imaging with specific uPAR-targeted reporter-molecules containing positron emitting radionuclides or near-infrared (NIR) florescence probes with the overarching aim of being able to: (i) localize disease dissemination using positron emission tomography (PET) and (ii) assist fluorescence guided surgery using optical imaging.

The adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) has emerged as a potential non-dopaminergic target for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease and, thus, the non-invasive imaging with positron emission tomography (PET) is of utmost importance to monitor the receptor expression and occupancy during an A2AR-tailored therapy.

PURPOSE To assess the intermodality and intertracer variability of gallium-68 (68Ga)- or fluorine-18 (18F)-labeled prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) positron emission tomography (PET) and biparametric magnetic resonance imaging (bpMRI)-based gross tumor volume (GTV) delineation for focal boosting in primary prostate cancer.

The aim of this study was to assess the performance of positron emission tomography/MRI with 68Ga-labeled prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA-PET/MRI) to detect and localize primary sigPCa (ISUP grade group 3 and/or cancer core length ≥ 6 mm) and guide biopsy.

Imaging modalities such as cardiac computed tomography and 18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography are diagnostic tools that provide a complementary role to echocardiography in aiding diagnosis, pre-operative planning, and treatment decision-making process in these challenging cases.

Cardiac computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be fused, or positron emission tomography (PET) and CT may be fused, or echocardiography and MRI may be fused.

OBJECTIVE In this study, we aimed to evaluate the concordance of biochemical treatment response with gallium-68-prostate specific membrane antigen (68Ga-PSMA) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) treatment response in prostate cancer (PCa) and investigate their prognostic effects on survival.

Gallium-68 prostate-specific membrane antigen positron-emission tomography/computed tomography (68Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT) is useful for detecting PCa recurrence.