Introduction to Electrode Surface

Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) studies revealed that at bare p-GaAs photocathodes the radical interacts strongly with the electrode surface, displaying unwanted surface states (SS) mediated electron transfer (ET) even in the dark.

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was performed to demonstrate CEI layer formation indicated by the elevation of the electrode surface film and double layer impedance in the initial cycle.

The high specific surface area of NiFe2O4-NG can increase the interface area between electrode and electrolyte, ensuring the full contact between electrode surface and electrolyte.

The as-prepared nanohybrids have strongly promoted the redox reactions at the electrode surface due to their synergistic effects of improved conductivity, high electrocatalytic activity, an enlarged specific surface area, and a plethora of nanoscale level interfacial collaborations.

The relative sizes and distribution of the nanoparticles on the electrode surface were analyzed using Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and optical profilometry characterization techniques.

Fourier transform infrared and scanning electron microscopy were performed to investigate the characteristics of the produced sludge and the electrode surface.

In particular, the GC electrode surface was characterised by Raman spectroscopy, water contact angle, 9,10-phenanthrenequinone adsorption and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.

Using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy methods, it has been established that the SEI layer formed under these conditions consisted predominantly of lithium carbonate and oxide and organic compounds comprising products of interaction of solvents (ethylene carbonate and dimethyl carbonate) of the electrolyte with the electrode surface.

The electrocatalytic probes were drop-dried onto the electrode surface of the glassy carbon electrode (GCE).

8 times higher than that of the bare glassy carbon electrode, which can better monitor the electron conduction on the electrode surface and then improve the sensitivity.

Herein, we monitored the consumption of the redox indicator on the electrode surface by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), every 30 min, in the potential range between 0 and - 0.

The electrochemical determination of the corticosteroids was investigated on the carbon fiber electrode surface by differential pulse voltammetry.

We successfully solve the irreversible capacity issues of the expanded graphite materials by forming chemical preformation of the solid electrolyte interface (SEI) layer on the electrode surface, thereby significantly increasing coulombic efficiencies of thermally tuned EG-MoSx (52.

Side reactions of the charge/discharge in Li-ion batteries (LIBs) generate a solid-electrolyte interface (SEI) onto an electrode surface, resulting in the degradation of the lifetime of a cell.

To realize this objective, bimetallic Fe/Mn MOF is synthesized and mixed with methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MβCD) and AuNPs which are then stabilized on multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), and the obtained nanocomposite is immobilized on the Au electrode surface.

The carboxylated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CMWCNTs), polyethylenimine (PEI), and the aptamers of streptomycin were assembled successively on the screen-printing carbon electrode surface by Layer-by-Layer (LbL) technique.

It ensured homogeneity of the suspension as well as the uniform coverage of the electrode surface with particles, what resulted in increased active surface area and, therefore, higher signal from glucose addition.

The accumulation of gas bubbles on electrode surfaces prevents electrolyte access and passivates the electrochemically active surface area.

The free electrode surface area, the diffusion coefficient, the peak-to-peak separation, the heterogeneous electron transfer constant, and charge transfer resistance have been calculated and compared.

The maximum conductive current increases with the decrease of the gap width and charge transfer resistance obtained for the biofilm attaching on the electrode is 3–11 fold less than that for biofilm bridging gaps, suggesting high conductance of biofilm closer to the electrode surface.

Both experimental and numerical results reveal that the newly developed NSH offers abundant Zn nucleation sites, homogenizes both the ion flux and electric field at the electrode surface, and suppresses side reactions with the high hydrogen evolution reaction overpotential of Sn, thus leading to dendrite-free Zn deposition and a highly reversible plating/stripping process.

Electrochemical mapping results reveal that there is no clear correlation between bubble nucleation and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) activity, regardless of local electrode surface microstructures.

Operando shear force modulation spectroscopy is used to observe for the first time the nanoscale dynamics of solid-electrolyte-interphase (SEI) formation on the electrode surfaces, confirming that the AZO coating is electrochemically converted into a stiff, homogenous SEI layer that protects the surface from the electrolyte-induced decomposition.

Herein, we proposed a bifunctional electrolyte (BiFE) to avoid the spongy Li deposition, in which lithium nitrate (LiNO3) facilitates a uniform granular Li nucleation via forming a kinetically favorable solid electrolyte interphase and silicon dioxide (SiO2) adsorbs anions to stabilize the electric field distribution near the electrode surface.

It was shown that Ag@Au core-shell nanoparticles could support the covalent attachment of the aptamers on the electrode surface, and ZIF-8 as a substrate can provide a large surface area to uniform and non-agglomerated distribution of Ag@Au core-shell nanoparticles.

The characterization of the electrodes indicated that PTFE was successfully introduced to the electrode surface, the TiO2NTs were completely covered with β-PbO2 particles and gave it a large surface area, which also limited the growth of its crystal particles.

The addition of high surface area, electrically conductive OMC enhances the electron transfer between TRA and electrode surface.

Electrochemical experiments in conjunction with density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that the combination of Rh and Cu atoms on GN surface not only maximizes the rates of H+ adsorption on electrode surface (due to the high surface area of 1) but also optimizes the hydrogen adsorption free energy (ΔGH*) close to zero (0.

The presence of the CuO-IL/rGO nanocomposite on the screen-printed electrode surface was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD).

After characterizing the prepared nanomaterials using scanning-/transmission-electron microscopy and Raman spectra, as well as optimizing various testing conditions, including the pH value of the buffer solution, the accumulation time and amount of nanomaterials on electrode surface, and the electrochemical determination of FA was carried out using a CHN@MoS2 electrode.

Meanwhile, the AuNPs, graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) was prepared as AuNPs/g-C3N4@rGO nanocomposites to coat on the electrode surface to immobilize the capture hairpin DNA (CH).

The Au nanoparticles and reduced graphene oxide composite were deposited on the electrode surface by electroreduction as support substrate and was then functionalized with capture DNA (cDNA) probes by self-assembly.

In addition, we also designed a novel electrocatalytic platform based on gold nanoparticles loaded on kaolinite-BiFeO3 modified carbon paste electrode surface for the examination of electrocatalytic activity for oxygen reduction reaction in alkaline medium.

In this study, the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in Ca2+‐containing dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) at well‐ordered and rough electrode surfaces is compared by using cyclic voltammetry, differential electrochemical mass spectrometry, rotating ring disk electrode, and atomic force microscopy measurements.

Atomic force microscopy and quartz crystal microbalance characterization, as well as a comparison of direct and mediated electrocatalysis, suggest that a compact layer of formate dehydrogenase was anchored to the electrode surface with some crosslinked aggregates.

Furthermore, conductive atomic force microscopy (C-AFM) was performed on the electrode surface as a non-destructive technique to determine the difference in surface morphology and conductivity between uncoated and coated electrodes before and after cycling.

Moreover, MCOs are able to interact directly with the electrode surfaces via direct electron transfer (DET), that makes them the most commonly used electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction in biofuel cells.

Meanwhile, BN-ZnO provides an excellent microenvironment to retain the native bioactivity of enzymes and to promote direct electron transfer between GOx and electrode surface.

Electrochemical measurements showed enhanced electrocatalytic performance with fast electron transfer (∼2s) between the redox centers of H2O2 and electrode surface.

The sensing performance of magnetic metal-doped rare earth metal oxides raises a new platform to modify the electrode surface that exhibits fast electron transfer kinetics, increased conductivity, high surface area, active stability, and enhanced catalytic efficiency.

The TB@MOFs thin layer has been synthesized on the working electrode surface in different times at room temperature, and its morphology and thickness was characterized by varied instruments, including scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope, and scanning ion conductance microscope.

The surfaces of modified electrodes were characterized by a scanning electron microscope, which revealed BPA template cavities on the electrode surface.

We conclude that the roughness-induced high CORR selectivity is actually kinetic controlled by local-electric-field-directed mass transfer of adsorbed species on the electrode surface.

The simulation result suggests that a strong local electric field around a nano-thorn structure can exponentially increase the diffusion rate of H+ towards the electrode surface as compared with K+, which promotes faster mass transfer and reaction kinetics for the HER in an alkaline medium.

On the other hand, Chitosan with good biocompatibility and high hydrophilicity was electrochemically decorated on Nafion/multi-wall carbon nanotubes (Nafion/MWNTs) modified electrode surface and used as the second sensitizing matrix to seize plenty of prostate specific capture antibody (Ab1 ).

The immunosensor was constructed by modification of a glassy carbon electrode surface with multi wall carbon nanotubes, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), 11-Mercapto Undecanoic acid (MUA) and 3-Mercapto Propionic acid.

In the absence of serotonin, the electron transfer rate on the aptasensor was faster than that in the presence of serotonin due to the hairpin structure of the aptamer was loose and MB could be closer to the electrode surface.

Based on the obtained results, the influence of analyte molecular structure on the adsorption ability and electronic interoperability between the targeted analyte and electrode surface were investigated in detail and discussed as well, through some electrochemical kinetic parameters (electron/proton-transfer number, electron transfer rate constant (ks), charge transfer coefficient, and adsorption capacity (Γ)).

The electrode surface was characterized using field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray energy diffraction (EDX) spectroscopy, and electrochemical techniques.

The surface modifications on the electrode surface were delineated using Raman spectroscopy and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM).

Benzoic anhydride (BA) is proposed here as a promising bifunctional electrolyte additive that can not only construct a robust cathode-electrolyte interface (CEI) film on the electrode surface but also capture HF/H 2 O in the electrolyte effectively.

However, its cycle performance suffers from the increasing impedance of LNMO-cathode/electrolyte interface (LNMO-CEI) layer caused by parasitic reactions on the electrode surface at high operating potentials.

The as-prepared ZW NPs were cast on the screen-printed carbon electrode surface (SPCE) and utilized as a new electrode material for electrochemical detection of antibiotic drug furazolidone (FUZ).

The electrochemical properties of the sensing platform were demonstrated by a reversible redox electron transfer reaction of the gold oxides due to the presence of gold nanoparticle clusters on the screen-printed carbon electrode surface.

Herein, we describe a unique label-free electrochemical DNA biosensor, which is based on gold nanoparticles (GNPs) mediated electron transfer through a DNA monolayer modified gold electrode surface.

The high performance shown here was attributed to the improved charge separation between excited semiconductor and the catalyst caused by FeOOH mediated electron transfer on the electrode surface.

Then, output DNA-SiO2 hybridized with the capture DNA anchored on the modified electrode surface, remarkably diminishing the PEC signal and thus achieving sensitive DNA determination.

The newly designed peptide with thiol groups in its two terminals self-assembled onto a gold nanoparticle (AuNP)-modified electrode surface to form a stable loop structure, which displayed excellent antifouling performance, outstanding stability under enzymatic hydrolysis, and satisfactory long-term antifouling capability in complex biofluids (clinical human serum).

CEA-aptamer 1 (Apt 1) is self-assembled on a gold electrode surface and used as a probe for CEA capture.

Herein, we describe a unique label-free electrochemical DNA biosensor, which is based on gold nanoparticles (GNPs) mediated electron transfer through a DNA monolayer modified gold electrode surface.

SA-900 was coated onto a glassy carbon electrode surface to construct an ultrasensitive electrochemical sensing platform (SA-900/GCE).

Herein, we introduced a novel method for synthesis of a highly redox-active surface-confined Hydroquinone on MWCNT modified glassy carbon electrode surface, GCE/MWCNT@H2Q using the earth-abundant lignocellulose-biomass product, syringaldehyde (Syn) by one-step potential cycling and potentiostatic polarization method in pH 7 phosphate buffer solution that can show an efficient ascorbic acid electrocatalytic signal better than the conventional redox-mediators suitable to use as an anode in biofuel cell and selective electrochemical sensor applications in neutral pH solution.

Results showcased that device was capable of reliably generating electric potential between the working and reference electrodes, while gathering electric current data from the working electrode surface.

Electrochemical stripping analysis (anodic, cathodic, or adsorptive) is usually based on the pre-concentration of a target analyte on the working electrode surface and then measuring its quantity via its direct quantitative electrochemical transformation (with the electrode refreshed afterwards).

The experimental protocol consisted of immobilizing the designated forward primer onto an Au electrode surface to create the sensing probe, followed by PCR temperature cycling in blank, positive, and negative DNA controls.

To realize this objective, bimetallic Fe/Mn MOF is synthesized and mixed with methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MβCD) and AuNPs which are then stabilized on multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), and the obtained nanocomposite is immobilized on the Au electrode surface.

The AP plasma used for Si depositions was excited by a 150-MHz very high-frequency (VHF) electric power, which was capable of generating continuous glow discharges covering the entire electrode surface.

Surface morphologies of electrodes buried in bacterial media revealed dimples on the entire electrode surface, when the slow strain rate tensile test (SSRT) was carried out in air, while quasi-cleavage was discovered on the steel electrode, when the applied CP potential was -950 mV Cu/CuSO4.

5O4-graphite is improved by applying metal scavenging coats on the negative electrode surface.

Protective films would be formed on the positive electrode and the negative electrode surface by electrochemical redox reactions, and the stability of the positive electrode material–electrolyte interface was highly improved whereas the impedance was decreased.

Integration of the β-cyclodextrin-capped gold nanoparticles on graphite electrode surface was achieved via drop-casting method, Tyr was immobilized on the modified electrode and then used as drug inhibition platform with catechol as the substrate.

When immobilised at a graphite electrode surface, PIPO maintains its electroactivity, forming stable, swellable films in acetonitrile-based electrolyte.

In particular, the GC electrode surface was characterised by Raman spectroscopy, water contact angle, 9,10-phenanthrenequinone adsorption and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.

The morphology of the GC electrode surface was investigated using SEM.

The presence of the CuO-IL/rGO nanocomposite on the screen-printed electrode surface was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD).

Archetypal MXene, Ti3C2, has been used to modify the 3D-printed electrode surface; it has been demonstrated that it enhances the capacitance of the electrodes almost three-fold.

To address these issues, a microbial electrode jacket dish (MEJ-dish) was invented that supports microbial growth over the anode electrode surface.

In this study, the relationship between the biofilm formed on the titanium-based anode electrode surface, and the chemical composition of the substrate, the energy source of MFC, was investigated.

Target RNA sequence of miRNA-21 was hybridized to the capture DNA and placed on the sensing electrode surface with the aid of biotin-streptavidin interaction.

Further, biofouling effect on sensing electrode surface was analysed with complementary aptamer sequence, control proteins (Albumin, and globulin).

For the ceramic carrier and stainless steel electrode surfaces, a regular undulating pattern of the biofilm was highlighted by the 3D rendering whilst the glutaraldehyde fixed sample showed a rod-like bacteria morphology.

In this work, the influence of the processing parameters such as spraying pressure, spraying angle, spraying distance, and spraying time on the micro-morphology and roughness of the stainless steel electrode surface was studied by single factor experiments.

The advantages obtained with the proposed method were high robustness, selectivity, and low cost being these characteristics due to the MIP; highly sensibility due to the high superficial area being the contribution of the magnetite in the core of material; and experimentally versatile since was possible carry out numerous reproductible analysis only make the renovation of the paste electrode surface by simple polishing.

In addition, we also designed a novel electrocatalytic platform based on gold nanoparticles loaded on kaolinite-BiFeO3 modified carbon paste electrode surface for the examination of electrocatalytic activity for oxygen reduction reaction in alkaline medium.

[5b,c,6] One effective approach to suppress the Na dendrite formation in Na-O2 batteries is increasing the effective electrode surface area to dissipate the current density.

Post-process mask-less decoration of Ti sensing electrodes by spark-ablated Au nanoparticle films significantly increases the effective electrode surface area and thus sensor sensitivity while retaining the CMOS-compatibility of the wafer-level fabrication process.

We investigated the effect of increased electrode surface area on wastewater treatment efficiency and studied the mechanism of nitrogen removal.

When hexametaphosphate ions (HMPi) with rich negative charges are employed to interact positively charged TMBox, the formed flocculent precipitate TMBox-HMPi automatically sedimentates onto SPE surface, and both the decreased concentration of free TMBox in solution and the increased electrode surface passivation triggered by TMBox-HMPi sedimentation synergistically reduce the re-reduction signal of TMBox.

In UHVDC converter station, corona discharge may occur if the maximum electric field of metal electrode surface reaches corona electric field.

However, despite the increasing popularity of these in the field of materials science, it remains unclear which features are necessary in order to accurately describe interface-related observables such as the differential capacitance (DC) of metal electrode surfaces.

P[5]A, which belongs to the group of ionic liquids, enables the development of a biocompatible and stable electroactive electrode surface.

The enantiomers thus obtained, of remarkable chiroptical features (optical rotation as well as circular dichroism), are successfully applied as selectors in chiral voltammetry in different media for discrimination of the enantiomers of chiral electroactive probes, either by conversion into enantiopure electroactive electrode surfaces by electrooligomerization on glassy carbon substrate (the two monomers with shorter alkyl chains), or as chiral additive in achiral ionic liquid (the monomer with longest alkyl chains).

A rough electrode surface could produce excessive radio frequency (RF) loss and deteriorate trapping ability of the surface-electrode ion trap.

In this study, the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in Ca2+‐containing dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) at well‐ordered and rough electrode surfaces is compared by using cyclic voltammetry, differential electrochemical mass spectrometry, rotating ring disk electrode, and atomic force microscopy measurements.

Chemical oxidation treatment generates graphitic defects facilitating electron transfer process and higher conductivity at the f-MWCNT-PF nanocomposite film electrode surface.

Further investigations were done by x-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR) to characterize and find out the crystallinity properties and functionalities of AAO thin film electrode surfaces.

Conversely, the interaction between PEG and Cu electrode surface was weak.

RHE) induced roughening of the Cu electrode surface, which resulted in hotspots for TR‐SERS, enhanced time resolution (down to ≈0.

The electrochemical determination of the corticosteroids was investigated on the carbon fiber electrode surface by differential pulse voltammetry.

The influence of the carbon fiber electrode surface modification (magnetron deposition of silver and titanium or infiltration implantation of nanoscale titanium oxide) on the output power and parameters of the impedance equivalent scheme of a thermo-electrochemical cell has been studied.