Introduction to Drinking Purposes

Water quality assessment suggested the good water quality (meeting the requirements for drinking purposes) with WQI values of 14.

Further, the entropy-weighted theory was used to characterize groundwater quality and assess its seasonal variability and suitability for drinking purposes.

65%) for drinking purposes during pre-monsoon, whereas the same area found suitable for drinking usage in the post-monsoon season.

Groundwater is the main and safest source of water used for drinking purposes in many urban and rural communities worldwide.

Based on this, it can be concluded that the water is unfit for drinking purposes without treatment.

It is concluded that water resources in the study area do not have an acceptable quality for drinking purposes due to the risks posed by As, Sb and NO3.

This study reveals that groundwater quality is unfit for drinking purposes at a few places in the study area.

This study is focused on the groundwater quality in Subledu Basin in view of the large-scale use of groundwater for both irrigation and drinking purposes as no such study was carried out earlier in the basin.

Risk quotient (RQ) [acute and chronic] was also evaluated in pond and river water as sometimes used for drinking purposes.

This project deals with the dew drain water analysis for drinking purposes.

Overall, the Jhilmila Lake was less polluted, and all the measured water quality parameters were found within permissible limits in terms of drinking purposes.

Globally, the results of this study provide new insights to improve the prediction accuracy of the health risk related to the faecal coliforms in raw water used for drinking purposes under a small dataset.

Thirty representative groundwater samples were collected, mostly used for drinking purposes and examined for 24 different parameters.

About 95% of the water samples were found to be within the WHO, US-EPA and Pak-EPA permissible levels for drinking purposes.

For irrigation and drinking purposes, groundwater quality should be constantly controlled such that the proper treatment process can minimize the risk of geochemical pollutants.

An attempt has been made in the Bhavani taluk, Erode district, Tamil Nadu, India, to characterize the hydrogeochemical processes, sources, mechanisms, and influences on the groundwater chemistry along with the suitability of groundwater for drinking purposes.

The calculated HPI for drinking purposes revealed that all the water samples belong to the high pollution class (HPI>30), while MI for irrigation purposes showed that the water of the river is slightly contaminated (MI<2.

In general, groundwater was deemed suitable for drinking purposes in most part of the studied area.

This work aims to study the technical problems of algal blooms that hinder the purification process of surface water used for drinking purposes and not its harmful effect on human health and the surrounding environment.

Overall, we found that the groundwater in the investigated area is not suitable for drinking purposes unless further purification techniques are applied.

Overall, our results were considered fulfilling the requirements for the inorganic component of the Water Framework Directive and Italian legislation for drinking purposes.

The groundwater quality for irrigation and drinking purposes has become a great concern because of salinity intrusion in the coastal zone of Bangladesh.

The results of risk and water quality assessment demonstrated that Chishui River water was desirable for irrigation and drinking purposes due to low hazard quotient values (<1, ignorable risk), but long–term monitoring is still worthy under the circumstances of global environmental change.

Increasing in SO42- concentration reduced the water quality for drinking purposes.

Groundwater is the main sources of water supply for drinking purposes in the Ordos Basin in the northwestern part of China.

Karaman rivers can be attributed to the second class of water supply sources, which implies the need to clean and disinfect water from these reservoirs when using it for drinking purposes.

, for drinking purposes).

In India, the demand for freshwater for drinking purposes, agriculture, and other activities is much higher than compared to other countries.

85% of total samples are suitable for drinking purposes.

Moreover, surface water should be treated before use for drinking purposes.

Water from thermal springs of Chutrun was unsuitable for drinking purposes due to the presence of high fluoride content and also small amount of total coliforms which may be due to the presence of environmental bacteria and non-protective measures during sampling but it was found suitable for bathing and other body contact activities.

Physicochemical parameters revealed that the water was slightly acidic and soft in nature implying to avoid the water from this area for drinking purposes.

08) and hazard indices <1 exhibited that the TEs pose a low risk to human health and, hence the water of the lake was suitable for drinking purposes.

Though the physico-chemical parameters of most water samples were found in the safe limits of WHO, however, the presence of microbial contamination rendered it nonsuitable for drinking purposes.

[1]This study aims to assess the water quality of Shatt al Arab (south of Iraq) for drinking purposes for the period 2014-2018 using the weighted arithmetic WQIR method.

5, classify insignificant pollution in 43% of the study region and the groundwater suitable for drinking purposes.

These springs are extracted for drinking purposes.

Well is the most commonly used method in most areas and traditionally has been used for drinking purposes.

they are used for drinking purposes in daily routine.

The study revealed that heavy metals concentrations of surface waters sources were within the prescribed standard limits for drinking purposes (IS 10500: 2012) and WHO.

According to grades of WQI for drinking purposes, the poor WQI was observed in 3.

This water can use for various purposes and irrigation water management and drinking purposes during the drought condition.

The result of the study showed that groundwater in the area is of good quality for drinking purposes, except for pH and Fe, which had higher concentrations in some areas.

These findings highlight the need for routine monitoring of water bodies used for recreational and drinking purposes for the presence of multi-drug resistant organisms.

The hydrogeochemical signatures, quality, and suitability of water resources in Okurumutet-Iyamitet mine sites, southeastern Nigeria were evaluated using indexical and chemometric methods for domestic and drinking purposes.

About 75% of groundwater wells are presented in poor conditions and were unsuitable for drinking purposes.

The main focus of the present research was to examine the appropriateness of groundwater resources for drinking purposes in the Bilate River Basin of Southern Main Ethiopian Rift, Ethiopia.

1 percent of this water is available for drinking purposes, making freshwater a scarce commodity.

Therefore, prompt and effective monitoring is a crying need to ensure water’s continuous usability for drinking purposes in the study area.

Geothermal spring of Unai contains high TDS concentration around 1000 mg/l thus it cannot be used for drinking purposes but it can be utilized for domestic, balneology, and industrial purposes.

Keeping in view the hectic aquacultural activity in surrounding locations of Akividu town in West Godavari District of AP, India, it is proposed to assess the chemical and microbial contamination of waters to suggest remedial measures to protect the quality of water for safeguarding the health of the public residing in the nearby habitations who consume these waters for drinking purposes.

Groundwater samples are reported to be having chemical constituents above the BIS and WHO standards for drinking purposes.

The most important ES included surface water for non-drinking purposes, maintaining populations and habitats, outdoor recreation, aesthetic value, entertainment and representation, scientific research, education as well as existence, option, or bequest value.

The role of groundwater in irrigation and drinking purposes and sustaining growth in economy is well-known.

For instance, to use produced water in oil and gas industries, water will require minimal treatment while for agricultural and drinking purposes high treatment level will be required.

The water of Lalazar colony, college town, Y-Block and Sharqi colony was found unfit for drinking purposes soit may cause serious health concerns in the citizens of the investigated areas.

The harvested rainwater should be treated effectively to reduce the toxicity and danger posed by Pb, fecal coliform, and total coliform before it is fit for drinking purposes.

When using both surface and groundwater for household and drinking purposes, it is environmentally safe for the population only after adjusting such indicators as turbidity, color, chlorine, iron, and dry residue content and bringing the microbiological indicators to SanPiN 2.

Explorative analysis also demonstrated how the key operational and design variables can be optimised to further reduce the health risks that can be fit for drinking purposes (i.

We validate our approach on a new dataset for groundwater quality in the New Moscow region, where groundwater is mostly used for drinking purposes.

Overall, EWQI data showed that only 60% of groundwater samples were of suitable quality for drinking, although only marginally, whereas the remaining 40% of samples were unsuitable for drinking purposes and would therefore require treatment.

The best means of reducing the spread of infection is by promoting simple measures of personal and community hygiene such as hand washing before eating and after defecation, the sanitary disposal of excreta which will prevent contamination of water, food and milk, during epidemics, boiled water should be advocated for drinking purposes.

The hazard quotient (HQfluoride) showed that about 45% of pre- and 55% of post-monsoon groundwater samples in the dry zone area were unsuitable for drinking purposes for school children who are vulnerable to non-carcinogenic risks and dental fluorosis.

The interpretation of laboratory analysis results revealed that the most of groundwater wells in the study area is unsafe for drinking purposes due to high salinity, except for the central area (Biyo Kulule).

Eighty-one samples from both shallow and deep aquifers were collected and analyzed to reveal groundwater hydrogeochemical characteristics and estimate groundwater quality suitability for irrigation and drinking purposes based on groundwater quality indexes models including the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), solute sodium percentage (%Na), magnesium hazard (MH), permeability index (PI) and health risk model.

The results showed that Cd was not detected; the TC exceeded the World Health Organization (WHO) limit while all other parameters were within the (WHO) guideline for drinking purposes with the exception of turbidity.

Surface water samples from different locations within Tigris River's boundaries in Baghdad city have been analyzed for drinking purposes.

Water quality along transboundary of the river followed by the area from the confluence of contaminated drain with river to transboundary along with localized spots in the river are not suitable for irrigation and drinking purposes.

The Piper diagram results show that all groundwater samples collected from the investigated area do not conform to the fresh water category and therefore are not deemed suitable for drinking purposes.

Before used for drinking purposes, it is require treatment first.

Judging by every parameter, it can be stated that groundwater of Indpur block is not much suitable for drinking purposes.

The present investigation has been carried out in the Ottapidaram taluk to evaluate the suitability of groundwater for drinking purposes and to assess the non-carcinogenic health risks.

As a case study, the Saugeen First Nation indigenous community in the Bruce Peninsula in Ontario, Canada, is selected for meeting the demands of useful commodities where an integration of a newly developed multigenerational system with an existing nuclear reactor is achieved in order to provide food security, supply the freshwater for drinking purposes, and meet the community's electricity and heat demands.

The results showed that the rivers in many sites were polluted with different heavy metals induced by mining activities, which adversely affected macrozoobenthos growth and caused human health risks in the case of waters used for drinking purposes.

9) and the river water is not suitable for drinking purposes.

Further, the ions produced during the electrolysis process can disinfect the biological contaminants thus making the water suitable for drinking purposes.

grade 3) and convenient for drinking purposes upon simple treatment.

Investigated groundwater can be presumably used for drinking purposes from 17 wells, but a detailed investigation of other trace element concentrations is necessary.

The study revealed that heavy metals concentrations of ground water sources were within the prescribed standard limits for drinking purposes (IS 10500: 2012) and WHO.

The evaluation results show 5 water categories: Class-1 (n = 1, 2%), Class-2 (n = 14, 32%), Class-3 (n = 15, 34%), Class-4 (n = 8, 18%) and Class-5 (n = 6, 14%), manifesting about 67% of the phreatic water can be used for drinking purposes in the research area.

Therefore, solar desalination of available saline and brackish water using solar still is gaining importance among the scientific community for domestic, irrigation and drinking purposes owing to be an economical and sustainable approach of producing fresh water with a simple working principle.

09E−03 in Ravi flood plain which indicates the potential health risk to the consumers of well water for drinking purposes and also long term irrigation with this water will result As accumulation in paddy soil.

In this paper, we compare the change in physical and chemical parameters of surface water used for drinking purposes.

The results conclude that the water whether raw or chlorinated is not fit for drinking purposes.

Corrosivity of groundwater would cause materials used in construction of pipes to leach into drinking water since the same is used for household activities and drinking purposes.

The overall WQI for drinking purposes ranges from 46 to 67.

Therefore, groundwater quality is lower than the permissible limit of the World Health Organization (WHO), suitable for drinking purposes in the Suining area.

In addition, the system is equipped with a hydrogen cycle which addresses social concerns regarding wastewater reuse for drinking purposes.

Rampant use of groundwater for drinking purposes in several parts of the world has raised the concern over its quality.

Membranes The purification of water for drinking purposes can require multiple filtration steps and technologies to remove contaminants such as salts and heavy metals.