Introduction to Diagnostically Challenging

Extra-axial chordomas in the pediatric population are extremely rare and diagnostically challenging; only four cases have been previously reported with ages ranging from 13 to 20 years.

Here, we report a diagnostically challenging case of microscopic polyangiitis with progressive glomerulonephritis.

Brain metastatic patients have multiple metastatic lesions or diagnostically challenging asymptomatic lesions, making surgery an inadequate therapeutic option.

The concurrence of two histologically different primary malignancies is rare and diagnostically challenging.

AMS is diagnostically challenging because of the wide range of causes and is associated with high mortality.

Functional dystonia (FD) is a disabling and diagnostically challenging functional movement disorder (FMD).

It can occasionally present with variable morphology making it diagnostically challenging in cases with unusual morphological components.

CONCLUSION Adenocarcinomas arising in phthisical eyes can be diagnostically challenging.

OBJECTIVES Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with t(8;16)(p11;p13) abnormalities is a rare, aggressive, and diagnostically challenging subtype that results in KAT6A-CREBBP gene fusion.

The CoA rarely occupies a non-typical region and therfore may be diagnostically challenging without a profound phisical examination, particularly in later childhood and pandemic settings, and may result in serious complications, if untreated.

INTRODUCTION Extraneural/-cranial metastases (ENM) of primary central nervous system (CNS) tumors are rare and may be diagnostically challenging.

Although most patients with optic neuritis present with painful vision loss which progresses over 1 week or less, careful attention to the exceptions described herein may facilitate earlier recognition of diagnostically challenging cases.

Adnexal skin tumors are diagnostically challenging with few known molecular signatures.

Atypical presentations of varicella in immunocompromised hosts can be diagnostically challenging, without laboratory testing.

Here, we report two diagnostically challenging cases of primary ES in a 25‐year‐old female and a 17‐year‐old male.

Though intraorbital foreign bodies are not rare, ambiguous history, delayed presentation and nonspecific CT findings made this case diagnostically challenging.

change in diagnosis in a set of diagnostically challenging CNS tumors.

OBJECTIVE Amniotic fluid embolism (AFE) is a diagnostically challenging type of pulmonary embolism that occurs when amniotic fluid enters maternal circulation during delivery or postpartum.

The nonspecific symptoms at presentation and a variable picture at imaging make this entity diagnostically challenging.

We report herein a comprehensive next-generation sequencing (NGS) analysis of a series of atypical DPNs, showing their mutational profile with some specific signatures for these rare and diagnostically challenging tumors.

Presence of anaplastic cells in effusion fluid is diagnostically challenging.

Because of the rarity of this lesion, it is often diagnostically challenging for radiologists and pathologists alike.

Case presentation We describe a diagnostically challenging case of cryptogenic gastric tumor associated with mesenteric panniculitis in a 74-year-old female who presented with abdominal bloating and recurrent falls precipitated by vertigo, dehydration, acute kidney injury and electrolyte deficiencies, but had no alarm symptoms.

Background Dengue is the world’s most common mosquito-borne virus but remains diagnostically challenging due to its nonspecific presentation.

We report a diagnostically challenging case of a 77-year-old man who presented with shortness of breath and was found to have a large right hydropneumothorax with collapse of the right lung.

BACKGROUND Isolated medial cuneiform fracture is a rare but diagnostically challenging condition.

Distinguishing cellular blue nevi (CBNs) and atypical CBNs from blue nevus–like melanoma (BNLM) can be diagnostically challenging.

Conclusion MA is a rare and diagnostically challenging entity due to its wide differential diagnosis.

In addition, we applied CD34 staining to the interstitial pattern of granuloma annulare (IGA), which is a diagnostically challenging entity with subtle amounts of dermal collagen degeneration.

Adrenocortical neoplasms are rare tumours that can be diagnostically challenging in some cases.

METHODS 30 clinically annotated cases (two melanomas, three PAM with atypia, seven PAM without atypia, 15 nevi, two combined nevi, and a diagnostically challenging nevus with atypical features) were retrospectively evaluated with PRAME.

This paper studies why pathologists can misdiagnose diagnostically challenging breast biopsy cases, using a data set of 240 whole slide images (WSIs).

Differentiation between IBD and SCL can be diagnostically challenging.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) and functional neurological disorder (FND) are both diagnostically challenging conditions which can present with similar symptoms.

Psychogenic movement disorders present a diagnostically challenging entity that is often frightening for patients.

Atypical microcytic anemias are rare diseases of iron/heme metabolism that can be diagnostically challenging.

In conclusion, our limited cohort confirms MDM2 amplification in MBT and suggests that MDM2 IHC may have an influence in rare diagnostically challenging cases.

This case demonstrates the notion that rare and diagnostically challenging disorders like TIO can be undiagnosed and/or misdiagnosed for many years, even by experienced clinicians and routine lab testing.

In particular, ICI-induced hepatitis is diagnostically challenging given its variable natural history and clinical manifestations.

Pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas (PHEOs/PGLs) represent diagnostically challenging and complex neuroendocrine tumors (NETs).

OBJECTIVES New onset undifferentiated large joint inflammatory arthritis can be diagnostically challenging.

OBJECTIVE Nearly half of parapharyngeal space (PPS) tumors present as an intraoral mass, which is diagnostically challenging.

We report a diagnostically challenging case of myofibroblastoma of the breast showing a rare palisaded morphology and an uncommon desmin‐ and CD34‐negative immunophenotype.

As a result, the detection of these molecular markers have improved the classification of diagnostically challenging cases.

Infections in elderly patients can prove diagnostically challenging.

Because of their rarity, they are not well characterized and are diagnostically challenging.

Lessons: Postcricoid neurofibroma is an extremely rare hypopharynx tumor that can be diagnostically challenging.

Conclusion: SCCE and non-Hodgkin lymphomas are rare entities, whose morphologies can be diagnostically challenging, hence they require special immunostaining for accurate diagnosis.

Background: Urothelial carcinomas [UCs] can be diagnostically challenging, particularly transurethral bladder tumors resection biopsies with limited material.

The rare occurrence in clinical settings and wide variety of clinical presentations make DRESS a diagnostically challenging case.

Angiogram-negative nontraumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) can be diagnostically challenging, and a broad differential diagnosis must be considered.

The morphologic assessment of CLL, aCLL, and RT can be diagnostically challenging.

We describe 2 diagnostically challenging cases of SARS-CoV-2 and Multi-Inflammatory Syndrome-Adult (MIS-A), in patients with a history of acute lymphoblastic leukemia following cellular therapy administration and review evolving characterization of both the natural course of SARS-CoV-2 infection and toxicities experienced in younger cancer immunotherapy patients.

Mediastinal mesenchymal tumors are diagnostically challenging due to their diversity and morphologic overlap with nonmesenchymal lesions arising in the mediastinum.

We present the diagnostically challenging case of a 32-year-old patient with recurrent episodes of fever and a non-productive cough that was initially treated as community-acquired pneumonia with oral antibiotics.

Knowledge of variant anatomy and anomalous pulmonary venous return play a crucial role in the diagnostically challenging patient.

Cutaneous intermediate melanocytic neoplasms with ambiguous histopathological features are diagnostically challenging.

Although morphology is paramount for subclassification of SCSTs, knowledge of certain immunohistochemical patterns may be helpful for diagnostically challenging cases.

Poorly differentiated and undifferentiated malignant neoplasms represent a diagnostically challenging group of tumors for thoracic pathologists.

Comprehensive molecular analysis, including DNA array-based methylation profiling and sequencing-based methodologies, were critical for classification and understanding the complex mechanism of RB1 inactivation in this diagnostically challenging tumor.

Objective: We present here a diagnostically challenging case of pDC proliferation associated with AML, with an unusual occurrence in a young 26-year-old male.

We report a case of sarcoidosis-lymphoma syndrome, which is a diagnostically challenging condition.

Besides the overall stratification advantage, the integrated score separates more precisely for risk of progression at the diagnostically challenging interface of WHO grade 1 and grade 2 tumors (hazard ratio 4.

SDAVF is diagnostically challenging; this condition may be misdiagnosed as lumbar spinal stenosis or myelitis.

It is diagnostically challenging on both histopathology as well as radiology.

CONCLUSIONS: Monophasic SS in the heart is diagnostically challenging since it shares the broad list of differential diagnoses of spindle cell tumors.

In promulgating these GUPS recommendations, we aim to provide clarity on the clinical application of these not so uncommon diagnostically challenging situations encountered in routine practice, while also importantly advocating consistent terminology which would inform future work.

While positive p16 immunostaining may be of value to confirm diagnostically challenging cases of p53 cytoplasmic staining, a negative result is noninformative and molecular testing for TP53 mutation should be considered, if available.

This paper shares a diagnostically challenging case of radiation-induced sarcoma that first presented as gingival ulcerations and pain in a postradiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma patient.

Close monitoring, total body examination and total body photography combined with digital dermatoscopy allow for early melanoma detection even in the most diagnostically challenging scenarios.

We report herein a diagnostically challenging case of TFRCC with sarcomatoid differentiation, aggressive clinical course and presence of an EWSR1::PATZ1 fusion.

These disorders are often diagnostically challenging due to their overlapping morphology and immunophenotype.

This diagnostically challenging case, fulfilling the previously proposed diagnostic criteria by Agaimy et al, expands the clinicopathological spectrum of DM/UM, highlights the essence of molecular signature, and further emphasizes the importance of patient's history in any morphological setting.

They are diagnostically challenging because of their clinical heterogeneity, knowledge gaps among primary care physicians, and continuing shortages of clinically trained immunologists.