Introduction to Counterfactual Analysis

The counterfactual analysis encapsulated the spillover effects deduced that a 1% decrease in flight frequency can decrease the number of confirmed cases by 0.

Finally, a counterfactual analysis implies that if Bank of Korea held the call rate constant at 5.

We find that if all 155 countries included in our counterfactual analysis had adopted smoking bans, health warnings and advertising bans at the strictest level and raised cigarette prices to at least 7.

The scalability of our methodology allows us to run fine-grained simulations daily, and to generate county-level forecasts and other counterfactual analysis for each of the 50 states (and DC), 3140 counties across the USA.

This allows us to not only calibrate the status quo for judicial performance but to also perform counterfactual analysis that evaluates the relative effectiveness of various interventions such as additional judges, process re-engineering, and workload management.

A counterfactual analysis is employed to assess the importance of different features, and reveals that the stability of an approach, flight lead-trail spacing, departure traffic, and ceiling are the most salient factors affecting go-around occurrence.

Based on this fit, a counterfactual analysis found that reducing nosocomial transmission and antibiotic consumption in the hospital had the strongest impact on ESBL and CRK prevalence.

Next, she turns to Lewis’s possible worlds semantics and concludes with a presentation of the ‘Simple Counterfactual Analysis’.

Using a counterfactual analysis on subgroups, we verify that academic entrepreneurs with previous publications with firms diminish their co-publishing and increase their co-patenting after founding a spinoff.

Our counterfactual analysis reveals that unconventional monetary policy contributed to the increase in inequality and that the response to COVID-19 is likely to do the same.

Our counterfactual analysis shows that in the short to medium run, Colombia benefited from avoiding an explicit default.

Counterfactual analysis shows that the weakening responsiveness of employment growth to firm productivity this decade is a significant drag on aggregate labour productivity growth, which motivates further analysis of structural policies that affect competition and labour mobility.

We used a novel identification strategy incorporating sign-identified Bayesian vector autoregressions, using structural impulse responses, historical decompositions and counterfactual analysis to conduct inference on dengue dynamics post-estimation.

Further research using counterfactual analysis shows that the uncertain environment will reduce the effect of credit policy on output growth, but the effect is not significant.

A simple counterfactual analysis suggests that Trump would likely have won re-election if COVID-19 cases had been 5 percent lower.

We review the state-of-the-art and exemplify the types of analysis enabled by combining the aforementioned fields, including illustrative examples of counterfactual analysis using predictive models, and the combination of game-theoretic analysis of penalty kicks with statistical learning of player attributes.

Whether to pursue such action should be based partly on a counterfactual analysis of the consequences of the likely remedies that would be applied if a company is found guilty.

Assuming away the cross-substitutability and/or complementarity between the advertising slots of different platforms could damage the quality and the robustness of counterfactual analysis.

Third, the decrease in sales and revenue was less severe for the product for which the boycotted firm sharply cut the price; our counterfactual analysis predicts that the firm's post-boycott revenue loss would have been higher by 75.

Employing a counterfactual analysis, Hägel convincingly argues that Soros’s funding interventions in Georgia’s 2003 “Rose Revolution” had decisive impact.

To account for selection bias arising from observed and unobserved factors, we apply a multinomial endogenous switching regression method and implement a counterfactual analysis.

In addition, we employ counterfactual analysis to investigate the causality between features and the success of crowdfunding.

Counterfactual analysis is an interesting feature of thought experiments, because it requires the imagination of alternative states of the world (see also publications by Fearon, Lebow and Stein, Reiss, and Tetlock and Belkin, who suggest the same).

Through a counterfactual analysis, we show that a foreclosure moratorium decreases significantly the refinancing cost of households and relaxes their refinancing eligibility constraints.

The health risk assessment was carried out according to the World Health Organization (WHO 2008) methodology and different scenarios were built for counterfactual analysis.

In a counterfactual analysis, we exploit that our framework nests a model with credit frictions and one type of finance as a special case, and we show that endogenous selection into external finance is an important channel of adjustment.

Our model-based counterfactual analysis finds that about 15 percent of the cumulative death rates in pro-Trump counties after the first year of the pandemic can be explained by a pro-Trump partisanship effect.

By estimating dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) models buffeted with various structural shocks and frictions and performing a counterfactual analysis, this study further suggests the key sources of the differences.

A counterfactual analysis shows that the investment growth rate would have been 1.

Finally, a counterfactual analysis based on our estimates shows that a team formation strategy emphasizing partner exposure outperforms one that emphasizes team familiarity by about 9.

Nevertheless, it is unclear whether TDAs actually improve a household's lifecycle savings behavior and retirement preparedness because it is difficult to perform a counterfactual analysis.

A counterfactual analysis shows that without the shift in the sensitivity of sovereign bond markets to COVID-19, spreads would have surged to 4.

A counterfactual analysis using micro-data from the Luxembourg Income Study shows that rent controls could reduce rental expenditure of mostly lower-income tenants and rental incomes of mostly higher-income landlords.

The proposed approach relies on counterfactual analysis to evaluate the (positive and/or negative) impact of each distinctive control area to the common security of the multi-area system, thus providing clear economic incentives to achieve the required coordination.

The result of the counterfactual analysis beyond the 2019Q4 indicates that the impact of COVID-19 shock on real GDP is pervasive and heterogeneous but more prevalent in the US than the emerging economies.

A counterfactual analysis was also performed.

Specifically, our counterfactual analysis predicts that each party would have taken 129 and 102 of the 231 constituency seats considered in the analysis, respectively, had the COVID infection rate been the same as the OECD average during the election period.

Moreover, a counterfactual analysis, based on the same modelling approach, is conducted to assess what would happen to the real activities and monetary policy indicators of the three regional blocs in the absence of real and monetary shocks from the two countries.

A counterfactual analysis reveals that the estimates for drinking-and-driving from the model-based approach should be taken as at least as valid as those from the NRS.

First, the propensity score (PS) is calculated from the impact factors that affect people's religious belief before establishing counterfactual analysis based on the PS to analyze the effect of religious beliefs to further understand the difference of mental health index between people with religious belief and without it, and confirm the cause-and-effect relationship between them.

This paper conducts a counterfactual analysis on the effect of adopting the euro on regional income and disparity within Denmark and Sweden.

In this paper, the causal inference of multi-bandwidth and multi-core analysis is made with breakpoint regression, and then the core conclusion of the counterfactual analysis is proven to be robust by using the synthetic control method.

Additionally, interpretation and counterfactual analysis for LUR modeling based on additive regression smoothers are discussed.

In our counterfactual analysis we assume a 15 % reduction in road fatalities per year over a period of 10 years.

Furthermore, we conduct a counterfactual analysis on five Caribbean islands, which shows that different strategies regarding domestic transfers and remittances may be successful in fostering growth, depending on the scale of migration or the transfer rate.

Therefore, we present theoretically rigorous counterfactual analysis methodologies and definitions of financing methods.

Counterfactual analysis shows that our system identified on average 1.

The second chapter uses the random coefficient model with post-estimation counterfactual analysis to answer two research questions: (1) How much the tax credit has facilitated the diffusion of EV; (2) How much the CAFE standard and penalty level have facilitated the diffusion of EV.

Counterfactual analysis reveals substantial loss in firm value if PE sub-optimally chose lower leverage.

While future actions may be wrongly predicted due to the dataset bias, we present a counterfactual analysis framework for egocentric action anticipation (CA-EAA) to enhance the capacity.

Our counterfactual analysis gives evidence that the change in the firm project distribution between 1981 and 2013 has a larger effect on the observed change in earnings dispersion than the change in the worker skill distribution.

To this end, weekly data on the air service volumes are analyzed through an ITS SARIMA model and a counterfactual analysis covering the 2016–2020.

Finally, we estimate the contributions of the identified causal factors to flight inefficiency through counterfactual analysis.

Moreover, the use of key evaluation concepts for supporting knowledge-based learning, such as the use of multiple methods, multiple criteria, and counterfactual analysis, can be further extended and improved to cater for transformative knowledge.

Third, we show through empirical counterfactual analysis that in many real-world datasets, network structure does not hinder the performance of surprise based link-trace samplers.

Counterfactual analysis suggests quality screening benefits consumers and Alibaba.

Not only does our model outperform other competing models, but it also supports counterfactual analysis to simulate the impact of future policies in a local setting, which is unique among existing approaches.

Counterfactual analysis further reveals the importance of cohort-level circumstances: individual circumstances account for less than 10% of the observed income inequality, whereas equalizing both the individual circumstances and the cohort fixed effects reduces income inequality by 30%.

Multinomial logistic regression and counterfactual analysis are conducted.

There are also considered unidirectional economic policies with counterfactual analysis without interaction.

Furthermore, we perform a counterfactual analysis to calculate the optimal bonus rates for different scenarios by using the characteristics of heterogeneous drivers derived from the estimation outcomes.

Our counterfactual analysis shows that rising competition leads incumbent firms to undertake (i) more (less) internal innovation for the products they have a (no) technological advantage in, and (ii) less external innovation.

We address this identification issue, by developing a generalized synthetic control method that can debiase interfering “treated” and “control” units when conducting counterfactual analysis.

A counterfactual analysis first removed all (current or former) e-cigarette‒using respondents who had suffered a myocardial infarction without a history of smoking.

Through counterfactual analysis, we find that the absence of an HSR network decreases the growth of the number of service firms, service land price, population, and GDP growth by 6.

The counterfactual analysis shows that restricting institutional hosts reinforces this concentration.

Thirdly, in line with the predictions from the theoretical model, counterfactual analysis via conditional forecasts based on our BPVAR reveals that the Japanese regional economies, particularly the hit regions, did experience a loss in production and trade due to the persistent fall in electricity supply.

Liu raises the criticism of modal accounts that “perfect counterfactual analysis is impossible if one cannot specify all of the initial conditions that could have altered the course of history” (15).

My model framework allows me to conduct counterfactual analysis to assess the equilibrium impact of horizontal mergers between cable providers on renegotiated vertical contracts between the merging entities and content creators, as well as the new equilibrium vertical contracting terms between other non-merging competing cable providers and their upstream content creators.

Counterfactual analysis showed that slowed CVD-mortality declines, particularly in ages 65+ years, were the main reason why rural LE stopped increasing after 2010.

In a counterfactual analysis, we find that elevated sovereign risk explains 86% of the observed output losses and 72% of TFP losses during the 2011-2013 Italian sovereign debt crisis.

Our counterfactual analysis reveals the extent of improvement and cost savings – in the order of tens of millions of dollars – that enhanced continuity can bring, depending on where it is targeted.

Counterfactual analysis shows that implementing simple tariff pricing changes can enhance allocative efficiency and expand the market, offering daily consumer surplus gains of up to $\$$227 thousand and up to 49 thousand additional daily taxi-passenger matches, a similar magnitude to the gain in matches generated by adopting a perfect static matching technology.

Counterfactual analysis shows that institutional features of public sector employment reduce labor market frictions and mitigate the negative effect of the minimum wage on unemployment and welfare.

Using descriptive and counterfactual analysis methods, we find substantial variation both across countries and over time.

A city-level production function is estimated for counterfactual analysis.

Our counterfactual analysis shows that public patients stay 1.

In a counterfactual analysis, we find that elevated sovereign risk explains 86% of output losses and 72% of TFP losses during the 2011-2013 Italian sovereign debt crisis.

The range of his interests is broad and covers a wide range of topics, including panel data, structural models, measurement errors and latent variables, time series models, policy evaluation and counterfactual analysis, amongst others.

Counterfactual analysis<br>suggests that, if sustained, recent improvements in corporate governance and<br>economic performance should lead to higher stock market participation.

Recently, there has been growing interest in developing econometric tools to conduct counterfactual analysis with aggregate data when a “treated” unit suffers an intervention, such as a policy change, and there is no obvious control group.

I develop and estimate a dynamic discrete-choice model of automobile replacement, and conduct counterfactual analysis to evaluate the effects of government subsidies.