Introduction to Audit Fee - Internal Audit Function

What is/are Audit Fee?

Audit Fee - For example, audit fees for financial corporations with tax haven use is around 23 per cent higher compared to corporations with no tax haven use, while non-audit fees for financial corporations with tax haven use is around 13 per cent higher compared to corporations with no tax haven use. ^[1] We find that auditors with richer IPO-audit experience improve the quality of earnings in IPO prospectus, earn an audit fee premium, and are significantly more likely to be assigned to IPO engagements by audit firms or appointed to the regulatory committee by regulators. ^[2] Different from previous studies, this paper selects all the information technology industry of Chinas listed companies in 2019 as the research object, and uses the fuzzy-set/ qualitative comparative analysis method (fs/QCA) to explore the impact of accounting firm size, audit fees and accounting rotation on earnings quality. ^[3] We find that audit fees are positively associated with unfavorable NII misstatements, but not with favorable NII misstatements. ^[4] From the audit coverage rate, audit plan completion rate, audit recommendation adoption rate, actual workload to planned workload ratio, the growth rate of corporate economic efficiency, the ratio of audit fees to total costs, the communication capabilities of internal auditors, and the internal audit department’s The number of complaints and senior management’s satisfaction with internal auditing work selects performance evaluation indicators to optimize the performance evaluation system of Chinese companies’ cross-border mergers and acquisitions, and build a cross-border mergers and acquisitions economic performance evaluation model based on the static balance of corporate mergers and acquisitions economic performance. ^[5] The research uses regression models and panel data related to audit fees, audit hours and corporate governance. ^[6] The objective of this  research  is to test and analyze the impact of the audit fee, independency, and competency on audit quality with ethics of auditor as moderation variable of Public Accountant Firm in Surabaya. ^[7] We analyze the consequences of a firm hiring a generalist CEO in terms of the audit fees paid by the firm. ^[8] The authors also investigate the relationship between the audit partner's experience and audit fees in both Big 4 and non-Big 4 accounting firms. ^[9] Nonetheless, the incremental information provided by premiums about accounting-related agency costs is limited, and audit fees provide more consistent and better information about these agency costs. ^[10] FindingsThe introduction of contracting out in the municipal audit market in Norway in 2004 contributed to a reduction in audit fees eight years after the deregulation, compared to the situation four years before the deregulation. ^[11] Purpose: The study examined the effect of ownership structures on audit fees of listed firms in Ghana. ^[12] This paper examines the effects of CFO narcissism on audit fees in China. ^[13] The ratio of audit fees to total fees and the presence of a city specialist auditor predict five of the most cited deficiencies. ^[14] For a sample of listed Portuguese and Spanish firms from 2010 to 2018, this study draws on audit pricing, substitution, signaling, and complementary theories to evaluate the impact of conservatism accounting on audit fees. ^[15] Measuring the response to increased engagement risk with audit fees, this study finds that auditors increase their fees for the riskiest class of funds. ^[16] Audit fee is one of the most important indicators for assessing the audit quality. ^[17] We find that audit fees, the number of Certified Public Accountant (CPA) licensed staff, and the number of signing partners are higher for firms in the restatement year than the year prior to the restatement. ^[18] In this paper, we study the impact of the overseas experiences of the members of audit committee on audit fees. ^[19] This study aims to examine the effect of Good Corporate Governance, CEO ethnicity, and Audit Fees in Manufacturing Companies listed on Indonesia Stock Exchange within the period of 2014-2018. ^[20] We analyze the consequences of a firm hiring a generalist CEO in terms of the audit fees paid by the firm. ^[21] It is also documented that the appropriate amount of the NAS fee exceeds the amount of the audit fee received by the same auditor in the same assignment. ^[22] We also find evidence that EMR is positively and significantly associated with audit fees and auditor switching for companies with Big N auditors but not for other companies, suggesting that Big N auditors are more responsive to risks captured by EMR. ^[23] Prior research on the link between lowballing (LB) of audit fees and audit quality is inconclusive. ^[24] This study aims to determine the effect firm size, rotation audit, and audit fee for audit quality. ^[25] We find a positive association between audit fees and convertible debt, suggesting that auditors view convertible debt as a source of risk. ^[26] Further, we find that the presence of female CFOs (or female audit committee members) attenuate the audit fees and report lag increases in the post-adoption periods. ^[27] (JEL M42) Keywords: Audit Fees, Audit Committee Independence, Audit Firm Size, Audit Quality, Earnings Management, Financial Literacy of Audit Committee Members, Length of Audit Tenure. ^[28] Two of them (specialization and audit fees) had a negative effect; the other one (audit opinion, audit rotation) Have a positive effect on tax avoidance. ^[29] The results of this study indicate that independence, audit fees, and tenure audits have a positive and significant influence on audit quality. ^[30] However, we do not find tax-related CAMs are associated with an increase in audit fees. ^[31] We posit that both large positive and large negative accruals represent increases in the auditor’s inherent risk, resulting in a nonlinear relation between accruals and audit fees. ^[32] The purpose of this research was analyze the influence of audit fee, audit switching, audit firm reputation and auditor speciali zation on audit quality. ^[33] This research aimed to analyze the effect of audit rotation, audit tenure, audit fee and audit committee on audit quality. ^[34] This test aims to test the effect of audit fees, audit tenure, audit rotation on audit quality with the audit committee as a moderating variable (empirical studies on financial sector companies listed on the Indonesia stock exchange for the financial sector 2012-2016) The population in this study was 71 companies. ^[35] Moreover, the study found a significant positive relationship between auditor type, audit fees and the level of KAMs reporting. ^[36] However, like with any journey into a new frontier, managers and auditors describe pitfalls and struggles along the way due to tensions related to regulatory interactions, independence concerns, strategic negotiations over audit fees, and competitive pressures. ^[37] The results showed that audit fees and audit tenure had a positive effect on auditor switching. ^[38] Introduction: Audit fee is one of the factors that results in reduced audit quality. ^[39] Prior to analysing the quality of the audit, we have adjusted the best possible model to the audit fees behaviour in order to extract the abnormal fees. ^[40] The determinants are classified into two which are, first, auditor attributes namely, audit tenure and non-audit fee, and second, audit committee characteristics which consist of audit committee‟s independence and audit committee‟s diligence. ^[41] We investigate whether the risk management committee and independent commissioner contribute to the audit fee. ^[42] We investigate whether audit fees are shaped by litigious tone. ^[43] The effect of extreme weather on audit fees and report lags is more pronounced for events occurring after the fiscal yearend but before the audit report date and for local auditors in the same MSA as the client firm. ^[44] This study investigates the relative importance of accrual-based earnings management (AEM) and real earnings management (REM) as reflected in audit fees. ^[45] The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of corporate governance mechanisms on the relationship between related party transactions and audit fees. ^[46] This research aimed to find out the direct effect of the internal control entities to determining the high of audit fee, and the indirect effect of the internal control entities to determining the high of audit fee through the extension of the auditor’s occupation. ^[47] This study examines the relationship between outsourced internal audits, nonaudit services, and audit fees. ^[48] We examine the effects of FDI characteristics on audit fees and the influence of homogeneity of industries on these effects. ^[49] Design/methodology/approach This study uses an ordinary least squares estimation to examine how audit fees and audit turnover change after the revelation of corporate fraud. ^[50]

internal audit function

This study aims to examine and analyze the effect of the existence of an internal audit function (IAF) and internal audit disclosure (DIA) on external audit fees in non-financial companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2015-2019. ^[1] The purpose of this study is to analyse the relationship between audit fees and internal audit function in the Nigerian listed companies. ^[2] Purpose The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of internal audit function (IAF) use on earnings quality and external audit fees using empirical data collected from the New Zealand (NZ) setting. ^[3] Purpose This study is motivated by the lack of internal audit function (IAF) research and by the call for research on the impact of dominant owners such as family shareholders on audit fees and the demand for audit quality. ^[4] Based on the descriptive analysis, it is found that the internal audit fee is relatively lower than the cost of external audit and most of the companies’ internal audit function was carried out by in house teams. ^[5] This study aims to determine the role of the internal audit function in good corporate governance and to know the contribution of the internal audit function to the implementation of external audit and the determination of audit fees. ^[6] audit fees, internal audit function budget and executive remuneration) and how this relationship is moderated by family control. ^[7]

financial reporting quality

The main purpose of this study is to investigate the mediating effect of audit fees as an indicator of audit quality on the board components, the directors' remunerations, and the financial reporting quality in the Jordanian context. ^[1] We further find that firms with higher accounting human capital exhibit stronger market reactions to earnings news and pay lower audit fees, confirming that external stakeholders perceive these firms as having better financial reporting quality. ^[2] This study examined the effect of auditor independence on financial reporting quality of deposit money banks in Nigeria with Financial Reporting Quality as the dependent variable; Audit Fee, Audit Firm Size and Audit Meeting as independent variables, Debt Ratio as control variable. ^[3] SUMMARY This study investigates the impact of backscratching between the CEO and directors on a firm's future performance, financial reporting quality, and audit fees. ^[4] Utilizing restatements, the mapping of accruals into cash flows, earnings persistence, and audit fees as measures of financial reporting quality, we find that prior-period comparability is associated with higher financial reporting quality. ^[5] Utilizing restatements, the mapping of accruals into cash flows, earnings persistence, and audit fees as measures of financial reporting quality, we find that prior-period comparability is associated with higher financial reporting quality. ^[6]

audit firm size

The objective of this research is to find the relationship between audit firm size (AFS) and audit fees (AF) on light of mediating audit quality on this relation. ^[1] This research aims to analyze the effect of audit firm size, financial distress, public ownership, management turnover, changes in audit committee, audit opinion, audit fee on auditor switching in Indonesia. ^[2] We test the association between managerial ownership and both audit firm size and audit fees in a sample of Australian-listed companies between 2005 and 2015. ^[3] 5, Audit firm reputation by looking at audit firm size, audit fees, and auditor competencies determined through background education, certification, experience of work, and frequency of training that followed. ^[4]

audit report lag

Our results are consistent across several comparability measures (accruals similarity, audit fees, and audit report lag), and our findings are economically significant. ^[1] The dataset includes data for audit report lag, audit fees, auditor type, auditor tenure, and audit opinion for firms listed in the Omani capital market. ^[2] This study examines whether chief executive officer (CEO) succession origin (hiring an insider CEO versus an outsider CEO) is associated with audit report lag (ARL) and audit fees in the Iranian setting, which is characterized by less-developed corporate governance mechanisms and a constrained audit market. ^[3] Design/methodology/approach Keywords used to search for relevant studies include “political connections or political corruption” with “audit fees, audit report lag, audit independence and audit opinion. ^[4]

corporate social responsibility

Lastly, the level of fulfilling corporate social responsibility is also shown to be influenced positively by the audit fee and audit tenure, but not by audit firm size. ^[1] Purpose The purpose of this paper is twofold: first, to investigate the relationship between some characteristics of corporations including firm size, financial leverage, profitability, firm age and the type of industry with social responsibility disclosure of firms listed on Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE); and second, to study the association between the level of corporate social responsibility disclosure (CSRD) and some of the audit variables such as audit fees, audit tenure and audit firm’ size. ^[2] This paper examines the relationship between loan guarantees and audit fees as well as the moderating effect of corporate social responsibility (CSR). ^[3]

time budget pressure

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of professionalism and time budget pressure on audit quality with audit fees as moderating variables. ^[1] This study aims to re-examine the effect of audit fee variables, auditor competence, auditor ethics and time budget pressure on audit quality. ^[2] This study aims to determine the effects of audit fees, auditor’s competence, independence, and ethics, as well as time budget pressure on audit quality. ^[3]

good corporate governance

Measurement of good corporate governance scores uses ASEAN CG Scorecard, while quality audits are proxied by audit fees and firm rotation audits. ^[1] The dependent variable used was the external auditor selection, while the independent variable used was good corporate governance, the size of the company, profitability, leverage, and audit fees. ^[2]

internal control quality

Consistent with lower internal control quality, we find that firms misclassifying audit-related fees are more likely to report a material weakness, are less timely filers (longer report lag) and pay higher audit fees. ^[1] The purpose of this paper is to emphasize the relationship between managerial ability, earnings management, internal control quality and audit fees to establish whether or not there is a significant relationship between the variables of managerial ability, earnings management, internal control quality and the audit fees. ^[2]

Higher Audit Fee

Additional tests reveal that clients who engage in opinion shopping during high sentiment periods have a higher risk of material restatements and higher audit fees. ^[1] With a difference-in-differences approach, we find that world-wide reforms result in higher audit fees for reform firms. ^[2] This paper investigates whether auditors engaging in practitioner research by writing professional articles and books subsequently provide higher audit quality and generate higher audit fees. ^[3] In addition, we also find that politicians' career prospects are significantly adversely influenced by MAOs being issued in their jurisdictions, while auditors' political connections enable them to charge higher audit fees, acquire larger market share, and reduce the likelihood of encountering regulatory sanctions. ^[4] Our results suggest that, LGBT-supportive firms demand high audit quality and pay higher audit fee than firms that do not adopt LGBT-supportive policies. ^[5] Using various readability measures, we predict and find that firms with less readable footnotes have longer audit report lag, incur higher audit fees, and are more likely to receive a first time modified going concern opinion. ^[6] This will result in higher audit fees paid to the external auditor. ^[7] The negative relationship is highly pronounced when a firm incurs higher audit fees. ^[8] Despite the intuitive appeal, prior research finds mixed evidence on whether higher audit fees translate to superior audit quality. ^[9] We also find that the higher audit fees by expert auditors are due to more hours and not higher rates. ^[10] We find that auditors are more likely to issue modified audit opinions (MAOs) and charge higher audit fees from their clients with higher absolute articulation errors, especially for big auditors and in high litigation risk regime. ^[11] We find that US firms headquartered in more corrupt regions pay higher audit fees, have longer audit report lags, and are more likely to receive a going concern audit opinion. ^[12] Additionally, the auditor charges higher audit fees to firms with more binding covenants even outside the violation state, and audit fees increase with constraints relative to both performance and capital covenants, reflecting greater financial reporting risk and bankruptcy risk, respectively. ^[13] Consistent with practitioners reacting to the factors that they argue create risk, we also find that auditors charge higher audit fee premiums to firms with greater tax risk. ^[14] By using Australian Stock Exchange (ASX) listed companies, this study documents that auditors who are industry specialists at both city-and national-level charge significantly higher audit fees compare to those auditors who are specialists either only at city-level or only at national-level industry specialist. ^[15] We further find that companies with the same provider attesting to both financial statements and EER benefit from having higher financial statement audit quality without paying significantly higher audit fees. ^[16] First, increases in trade credit usage following reductions in analyst coverage are smaller for firms with closer established lending relationships with banks and those incurring higher audit fees. ^[17] This study shows that auditors are more likely to charge higher audit fees, issue false-positive going concern opinions (i. ^[18] The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether PCON, INST&MGR and FAMILY firms are associated with higher audit fees. ^[19] Consistent with lower internal control quality, we find that firms misclassifying audit-related fees are more likely to report a material weakness, are less timely filers (longer report lag) and pay higher audit fees. ^[20] , higher likelihood of misstatement), less timely reporting, and higher audit fees, which collectively suggest that component auditor engagements are associated with adverse outcomes. ^[21] Additionally, we document an increase in the value relevance of earnings, more accurate analysts’ earnings forecasts, and higher audit fees and hours. ^[22] We find that Lead auditors accepting responsibility charge higher audit fees but provide audits of no higher quality, and possibly of even lower quality. ^[23] Using a sample of 496 firm-year observations related to listed German companies, our results suggest that Big4 auditors facing a tender for the upcoming period charge higher audit fees than Big4 auditors not facing a tender, while a similar fee effect is not observable for non-Big4 auditors. ^[24] We find that (1) firms being audited by Big 4 accounting firms receive IPO premium while others being audited by local accounting firms do not; (2) Big 4 auditors receive higher audit fees than China’s Top 10 or small local auditors. ^[25]

Lower Audit Fee

We also predict and find that negotiating power decreases for long-tenured auditors as evidenced by lower audit fees. ^[1] Through analyzing hand-collected data from the campaign reports filed with CSRC, we find that firms with certified audit committee effectiveness are associated with less earnings management and lower audit fees, and are less likely to have modified audit opinions and delayed filings. ^[2] In contrast, firms with more experts on the AC and higher leverage are more likely to select non-big four auditing firms which require lower audit fees. ^[3] Findings Empirical findings show that companies with higher family ownership are less likely to demand extensive audit services and, as a result, pay lower audit fees. ^[4] Lastly, when companies are unconcerned with information spillovers, our results suggest that partner sharing can be beneficial because it can result in lower audit fees and fewer accounting misstatements. ^[5] We further find that firms with higher accounting human capital exhibit stronger market reactions to earnings news and pay lower audit fees, confirming that external stakeholders perceive these firms as having better financial reporting quality. ^[6] Moreover, we find that remediating firms experience significantly lower audit fees and betas (i. ^[7] , that because audit committees may be primarily interested in negotiating a lower audit fee (rather than championing higher audit quality) for their clients, fee competition in the US audit market could pressure the incumbent auditor to compromise on audit quality (Doty in Keynote address: the reliability, role and relevance of the audit: a turning point, 2011. ^[8] Findings We find significantly lower audit fees and a higher proportion of non-audit fees to total fees when the audit committee chair is an alumnus of the incumbent audit firm. ^[9] We find that looser materiality (an amount closer to the high end of a normal materiality range) is associated with fewer audit hours and lower audit fees, supporting the construct validity of this measure. ^[10] We categorize outside directors as vigilant or compliant based on whether they negotiate higher or lower audit fees with external auditors, and we focus on the sizable subset of directors who serve on multiple audit committees. ^[11] Prior studies document that managerial overconfidence potentially increases the risk of financial misstatements, and that overconfident managers purchase lower quality audits and pay lower audit fees. ^[12]

Abnormal Audit Fee

Existing researches have paid little attention to the impact of abnormal audit fees on stock price crash risk. ^[1] This paper aims to interpret abnormal audit fees by examining the effect of earnings smoothing strategies and auditor specialisation on the association between abnormal audit fees and stock price crash risk. ^[2] The purpose of this study is to analyze whether engagement quality control review (EQCR) hours affect auditor changes and whether abnormal audit fees and changes in management have moderating effects on the relation between EQCR hours and auditor changes. ^[3] The abnormal audit fees paid by the company will have an effect on the increase in audit quality. ^[4] : This study aims to examine the effect between abnormal audit fee, which is the difference between actual audit fee and normal audit fee levels, on the audit quality proxied by accrual discretionary. ^[5] This research examines whether abnormal audit fee, client importance, public accounting firm industry (PAF) specialization, public accounting firm (PAF) reputation, audit delay may affect the audit quality of manufacturing companies. ^[6] Using abnormal audit fees to capture any added charges associated with incremental audit effort beyond the effort level needed under normal or expected circumstances, we find that the incremental audit effort is positively associated with goodwill to total assets. ^[7] We proxy for accounting and audit quality and activism using abnormal audit fees and auditor size and governance proposals, respectively. ^[8] We analyze whether the type of the audit firm (Big 4 and industry specialist) and the abnormal audit fees are associated with the market valuation of a bank’s fair value assets. ^[9] ,The results indicate that an industry specialized audit firm, the presence of a large audit firm, abnormal audit fees, management ownership and variable management compensation are significantly negatively associated with the level of a firms’ agency costs. ^[10] This researh aimed to know the effect of positive abnormal audit fee on the determination of audit quality and to know moderating effect of political connection between positive abnormal audit fee and audit quality. ^[11]

Increased Audit Fee

We examine whether engagement partners who have recently been associated with client restatements experience increased audit fee pressures from their non-restating clients. ^[1] We examine whether engagement partners who have recently been associated with client restatements experience increased audit fee pressures from their non-restating clients. ^[2] However, we do not find tax-related CAMs are associated with increased audit fees or tax-related non-audit service fees. ^[3] However, more recently, a large body of research has documented evidence for a wide variety of outcomes from the experiment, including increased open short interest, negative returns, reduced investment, reduced earnings management, increased audit fees, and much more. ^[4] Importantly, peer effects impose a significant spillover cost in the form of increased audit fees on firms facing peer pressure to report early. ^[5] This paper examines whether the clients of a merged audit firm have shortened report lag, increased audit fees, or reduced audit quality following the merger. ^[6]

External Audit Fee

This study aims to examine and analyze the effect of the existence of an internal audit function (IAF) and internal audit disclosure (DIA) on external audit fees in non-financial companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2015-2019. ^[1] PurposeThe main aim of this study is to examine the effect of investment in outside governance monitoring (IOGM), through non-executive directors' remuneration (NEDR) and external audit fees (AFEE), on real earnings management (REM) in an emerging market in the Southeast Asia region, Malaysia. ^[2] Purpose The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of internal audit function (IAF) use on earnings quality and external audit fees using empirical data collected from the New Zealand (NZ) setting. ^[3] The main purpose of this chapter is to analyze the relationship between internal and external audit and its effect on external audit fees, through a questionnaire addressed to the external auditors of Portugal and Spain. ^[4]

Increase Audit Fee

In difference-in-differences analyses, we find that the staggered implementation of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development’s Anti-Bribery Convention significantly increases audit fees charged to U. ^[1] They also provide mixed evidence about concerns expressed during the comment phase of the proposed auditing standard: The CAM process increases audit fees, but it does not adversely impact audit quality. ^[2] However, mandated auditor reporting comes with costs: it reduces future lending growth, risky lending, and profitability, and increases audit fees paid by shareholders. ^[3] However, mandated auditor reporting comes with costs: it reduces future lending growth, risky lending, and profitability, and increases audit fees paid by shareholders. ^[4]

Reduce Audit Fee

Employing difference-in-differences analyses and a strict fixed effects structure (client-firm, audit-firm, province, and year-month fixed effects), we find that incumbent audit firms reduce audit fees in response to a higher entry threat induced by the merger. ^[1] Employing difference-in-differences tests and a strict fixed effects structure, we find that incumbent audit firms reduce audit fees in response to a higher entry threat induced by the merger. ^[2] Employing difference-in-differences tests and a strict fixed effects structure, we find that incumbent audit firms reduce audit fees in response to a higher entry threat induced by the merger. ^[3]

Affect Audit Fee

Purpose This paper aims to examine whether CEO succession with gender change (male to female) affects audit fees in the Chinese setting. ^[1] This study examines how engagement signing auditors’ career concerns affect audit fees and audit quality. ^[2] Purpose This study aims to investigate whether the presence of female directors on audit committees affects audit fees in Chinese listed companies. ^[3]

Using Audit Fee

Using audit fees, propensity to meet or beat earnings forecasts, and restatements as surrogates for managerial opportunism/bias, we find evidence consistent with the risk hypothesis and inconsistent with opportunism hypothesis. ^[1] Using audit fees to proxy for audit engagement risk, we find a negative association between GC ascension to top management and audit fees. ^[2]

Influence Audit Fee

We analyzed 261 companies listed on Bursa Malaysia and the results indicate that the requirement to improve auditor's communication through enhanced reporting does not influence audit fees. ^[1] We examine whether personality differences between the CEO and CFO influence audit fees. ^[2]

Document Audit Fee

Audit research documents audit fee discounts associated with an auditor change, and that audit fees revert to average levels within a few years. ^[1] Audit research documents audit fee discounts associated with an auditor change, and that audit fees revert to average levels within a few years. ^[2]

audit fee premium

We find that auditors with richer IPO-audit experience improve the quality of earnings in IPO prospectus, earn an audit fee premium, and are significantly more likely to be assigned to IPO engagements by audit firms or appointed to the regulatory committee by regulators. ^[1] We demonstrate these issues and propose empirical solutions, using the setting of estimating the Big-N audit fee premium as an empirical illustration. ^[2] Consistent with practitioners reacting to the factors that they argue create risk, we also find that auditors charge higher audit fee premiums to firms with greater tax risk. ^[3] We moreover find that an audit partner’s IQ is associated with the audit fee premiums paid both for audit and consultancy services indicating that clients are willing to pay a premium for services of more capable audit partners. ^[4]

audit fee paid

This study analyzes whether the company’s intangible assets will affect the audit fee paid to the auditor and risk management committee as a moderating variable. ^[1] This study aims to determine the Political Connection, Gender CEO, Internal Audit and Corporate Complexity affect the size of the Audit Fee paid to the Public Accountant by the company. ^[2] The audit fee paid for the auditing services is higher when the level of citizens’ interest increases, and lower when the municipality has an internal auditing office. ^[3]

audit fee discount

Audit research documents audit fee discounts associated with an auditor change, and that audit fees revert to average levels within a few years. ^[1] Audit research documents audit fee discounts associated with an auditor change, and that audit fees revert to average levels within a few years. ^[2] Furthermore, when competition in the interprovincial audit market intensifies, it is more likely for existing firms to offer audit fee discounts to their incumbent clients. ^[3]

audit fee variable

The research was aimed to determine the effect of auditor switching, audit tenure,  company size variables on audit quality and to determine fee audit fee variables in moderating the effect between auditor switching, audit tenure, and company size variables on audit quality. ^[1] This study aims to re-examine the effect of audit fee variables, auditor competence, auditor ethics and time budget pressure on audit quality. ^[2]

audit fee pressure

We examine whether engagement partners who have recently been associated with client restatements experience increased audit fee pressures from their non-restating clients. ^[1] We examine whether engagement partners who have recently been associated with client restatements experience increased audit fee pressures from their non-restating clients. ^[2]