Introduction to Anxiety Disorders

METHOD A systematic review was performed in the Pubmed/MEDLINE, Embase, LILACS, and PsycINFO databases for original studies investigating symptoms of depression and anxiety and diagnoses of major depressive disorder and anxiety disorders in PLWH, and a random-effects meta-analysis with meta-regression was performed to obtain a summary frequency of symptoms and diagnoses of depression and anxiety.

Ketamine has emerged as a novel treatment for common psychiatric conditions such as Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and anxiety disorders, many of which can be initiated and exacerbated by psychological stress.

For example, in humans partner loss is detrimental for the functioning of the immune system and heightens the susceptibility for the development of post-traumatic stress disorders, anxiety disorders, and major depressive disorders.

, anxiety disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder).

There is, in particular, a tendency to contract affective or anxiety disorders as well as panic-agoraphobic and substance use disorders.

The risk to associate major depression, anxiety disorders or substance use disorders is frequently reported, and this co-morbidity further complicates the evolution of CFS.

BACKGROUND Although an attentional bias for threat is implicated in anxiety disorders, such a bias has not been consistently observed in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).

, affective disorders; anxiety disorders and obsessive-compulsive disorders; hyperkinetic disorders and conduct disorders).

Cognitive behavioral therapy is an approach with robust evidence of efficacy in treating anxiety disorders.

There is a recurring debate on the role of the serotonin transporter gene linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) in the moderation of response to cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) in anxiety disorders.

Objective The findings of olfaction are inconsistent in anxiety disorders, and few studies have reported on the olfactory performance in generalized anxiety disorder (GAD).

Excessive and uncontrollable worry is reliably observed across anxiety disorders, and it is most evident in generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), of which it is the cardinal symptom.

Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are at elevated risk of suicidal ideation, particularly those with comorbid anxiety disorders and/or obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).

Males are more susceptible to neurodevelopmental disorders including autism spectrum disorder and attention‐deficit activity disorder, while women are more prone to major depressive disorder and anxiety disorders after puberty.

RSA reactivity has been examined across anxiety disorders and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), to better understand the psychophysiological stress response of these disorders.

Most common psychiatric manifestations include delirium, mood disorders, anxiety disorders, and posttraumatic stress disorder.

Methods Groups of inactive outpatients, waiting for psychotherapy, with depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, insomnia, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders were randomized to a manualized 12-week exercise intervention, combining moderate to vigorous aerobic exercise with techniques for sustainable exercise behaviour change ( n  = 38, female = 71.

One hundred forty-seven experiments were retrieved (3199 subjects): 79 attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, 32 conduct/oppositional defiant disorder, 14 anxiety disorders, 22 major depressive disorders.

According to statistics from the National Institute of Mental health, prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, anxiety disorders were the most common mental health disorder in the United States, about 3 times more common than depression (18.

Anxiety disorders are the most common mental health conditions in children, with approximately 13% of kids struggling with excessive anxiety.

Methods: Prospective cross sectional study which included 52 subjects, 20 normal population, 16 regular meditators and 16 subjects with anxiety disorders, was held at the Department of Neurology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences (AIMS), Kochi, Kerala, India (IEC: AIMS/2013/18).

MATERIAL AND METHODS We used data from three nationally representative cross-sectional studies and compared the prevalence of current mood and anxiety disorders, and alcohol-use disorders at baseline (November 2017, n = 3306), immediately after the first peak (May 2020, n = 3021), and during the second peak (November 2020, n = 3000) of COVID-19 in Czechia.

Mental disorders include anxiety disorders, mood disorders, schizophrenia, and other psychotic disorders, drug use and alcohol use disorders, impulse control disorder, and eating disorders.

Increasing evidence indicates that CUD often occurs along with other debilitating conditions including both alcohol use disorder (AUD) and anxiety disorders such post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

Background: Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is currently the treatment of choice for most anxiety disorders.

Background: Glucocorticoid (GC) administration prior to exposure-based cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) has emerged as a promising approach to facilitate treatment outcome in anxiety disorders.

Antidepressants that target monoaminergic systems, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), are widely used to treat neuropsychiatric disorders including major depressive disorder, several anxiety disorders, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.

, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, benzodiazepines) used for treating different anxiety disorders along with brief information on their side effects.

Depression and anxiety disorders are prevalent mental health conditions; yet they are often unrecognized, under-addressed and/or under-treated, and specialty treatment for these conditions is oftentimes difficult to access.

Introduction Depression is the second most prevalent mental health disorder among older adults after anxiety disorders.

Patients with principal anxiety disorders, assigned to receive treatment with the UP (N = 88) as part of a randomized controlled trial, were included in this study.

We evaluated Mental Habits in an open trial (N = 14) and a randomized controlled trial (RCT) (N = 40) in primary care patients with anxiety disorders.

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) show efficacy in the treatment of depression and certain anxiety disorders (such as social anxiety disorder).

Introduction Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD) is considered the most prevalent anxiety disorder with the highest disease burden amongst anxiety disorders.

Thirty-two prospective patients with mood and anxiety disorders completed four daily assessments of negative and positive emotions for 30 days before receiving cognitive-behavioral treatment.

Virtual reality exposure therapy (VRET) is an effective cognitive-behavioral treatment for anxiety disorders that comprises systematic confrontations to virtual representations of feared stimuli and situations.

Context Anxiety disorders are underestimated comorbid conditions in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), diabetes, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, migraine, epilepsy, mood/anxiety disorders, schizophrenia, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and rheumatoid arthritis were significantly more prevalent among immigrants with MS compared to their controls.

This association was also observed for psychotic disorders (2·05 [1·37–3·06]; I 2=80·81%), mood disorders (1·99 [1·46–2·71]; I 2=68·32%), substance use disorders (1·76 [1·27–2·44]; I 2=47·90%), and intellectual disabilities and developmental disorders (1·73 [1·29–2·31]; I 2=90·15%) but not for anxiety disorders (1·07 [0·73–1·56]; I 2=11·05%).

In a nationally representative US-based study, up to 23% of individuals with BED had attempted suicide, and virtually all (94%) reported lifetime mental health symptoms: 70% mood disorders, 68% substance use disorders, 59% anxiety disorders, 49% borderline personality disorder, and 32% posttraumatic stress disorder.

We estimated effect sizes associated with any pre-existing mental disorder as well as specific categories of mental disorders (psychotic disorders, mood disorders, substance use disorders, anxiety disorders, intellectual disabilities and developmental disorders), and exposure to psychopharmacological drug classes (antidepressants, antipsychotics, and anxiolytics).

Certain individuals are potentially more vulnerable during the outbreak, in particular those with medical vulnerabilities to COVID-19, eg, elderly, living with chronic illnesses, as well as individuals with pre-existing mental health issues such as anxiety disorders, depression, suicidality, and loss/grief.

Results Patients with GD+ED were significantly more likely than other GD patients to also have a diagnosis of drug use disorder, depressive disorders, bipolar disorders, other mood disorder, anxiety disorders, personality disorders, and neuropsychiatric disorders, when controlling for gender.

METHODS In the Swedish population born 1932-1995 (n = 5 829 952), we examined the genetic risk profiles for AUD, major depression (MD), anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, drug use disorder (DUD), attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and criminal behavior (CB) in 361 124 cases of AUD subdivided by sex, age at onset (AAO), recurrence, mode of ascertainment and medical complications.

This study seeks to examine the effect of anxiety disorders on pain following TJA and evaluate if anxiety disorders are a modifiable risk factor.

Sedentary behaviour is potentially a modifiable risk factor for depression and anxiety disorders, but findings have been inconsistent.

Background: Overactive bladder (OAB) syndrome correlates with mental disorders, especially depressive disorders and anxiety disorders, and less frequently obsessive-compulsive symptoms, and occurs mostly in older people.

In a community-based study, obesity was positively associated with several mental disorders, especially mood disorders and anxiety disorders.

In the overall cohort PEs were associated with any lifetime mental disorder, Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, anxiety disorders and a lower level of functioning.

Developmental delay, language delay, developmental coordination disorder, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), anxiety disorders, disruptive behavior disorders, unipolar disorder, and bipolar disorder were identified during the follow-up period.

In this study, the construct, convergent, and discriminant validity of DART modules for anxiety disorders, depressive disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, and substance-related and addictive disorders was assessed among a sample of 610 participants in a clinical outpatient setting.

In DSM-5 (5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is no longer part of anxiety disorders but becomes a separate chapter along with related disorders, such as compulsive excoriation of the skin, trichotillomania, nail biting, etc.

The role of n-3 PUFAs has been studied in several psychiatric disorders in adulthood: schizophrenia, major depression, bipolar disorder, anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorders, eating disorders, substance use disorder, and borderline personality disorder.

In this review, we highlight studies focusing on the role of IL-8 in psychiatric diseases such as major depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, sleep disorder, autism spectrum disorder, anxiety disorders and dementia.

Among the four most common anxiety disorders, not counting simple phobias, are the panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder and general anxiety disorder (GAD).

The results of these studies are coherent and show an increased risk of suffering from depression, bipolar disorders, numerous anxiety disorders, especially post-traumatic stress disorder.

Anxiety disorders affect more than 18 percent of the population and is the most common mental illnesses in the US.

The most frequently addressed comorbidities were: depressive disorders, addressed in 51 studies (pooled proportion 23 %, 95 % CI 20–26 %); hypertension, addressed in 48 studies (pooled proportion 24 %, 95 % CI 22–26 %); anxiety disorders addressed in 40 studies (pooled proportion 25 %, 95 % CI 22–28 %).

While meta-analyses on the use of pharmacologic agents revealed promising results, deploying such methods as first-line treatment for anxiety disorders is not practicable.

Acute heart failure, pneumonia, obstructive pulmonary diseases (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma), pulmonary embolism, and anxiety disorders represent more than 90% of all cases with acute dyspnoea in the emergency department.

The instrument used online counseling design and Generalized Anxiety Disorders-7 which has been tested for validity and reliability.

Post-traumatic stress, major depressive and generalized anxiety disorders were almost equally prevalent, with ~15% each.

Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are at elevated risk of suicidal ideation, particularly those with comorbid anxiety disorders and/or obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).

42 years), who had diagnostic labels of major depressive disorder (MDD; n = 406), panic disorder (PD; n = 198), social anxiety disorder (SAD; n = 116), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD; n = 66), comorbid MDD and any anxiety disorder (n = 636), or comorbid anxiety disorders (n = 99).

Ultimately, a deeper understanding of how these factors interact with and affect developmental trajectories of learning and memory will inform treatment and prevention strategies for pediatric anxiety disorders.

Pediatric anxiety disorders represent one of the few areas where sufficient progress exists to provide a foundation for such integration.

Cognitive behavioral therapy is an approach with robust evidence of efficacy in treating anxiety disorders.

Ten users of a Norwegian therapist-guided ICBT program for treating anxiety disorders named ‘Assisted Self-Help’ (Assistert Selvhjelp) participated in phone-based individual interviews.

Background: Generalized anxiety disorder is one of the most common anxiety disorders observed in clinical centers and the general population.

16%), had significantly more common anxiety disorders (82% vs.

There is evidence that systemic therapy is effective, but there is little evidence about meaningful moments in systemic therapy in general, and none at all in systemic therapy for social anxiety disorders.

INTRODUCTION Prior studies have explored the prevalence of social anxiety disorders and found that childhood major adverse experiences increased the risk of social anxiety.

THC was mainly attributed to learning difficulties, as well as stress-related impact of peer or family bullying, family financial problems and child anxiety disorders.

Objective: The relative contribution of individual cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) components to treatment outcomes for child anxiety disorders (CADs) is unclear.

Background Anxiety disorders (ADs) are the most prevalent mental disorders worldwide.

Background Anxiety disorders are highly prevalent in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder and often emerge before the age of 6 years.

Epidemiological studies indicate that children of parents with mental health problems are at an increased risk of developing anxiety disorders.

However, the association between MIA and an offspring’s chance of developing anxiety disorders is less clear.

Positive outcomes were more common among married respondents, older individuals, those with higher level of social support, and those who had never had major depressive disorders or generalised anxiety disorders.

The psychosocial factors that may lead to generalised anxiety disorders include stress, traumatic events, conscious and unconscious internal conflicts, and low social and economic status.

There are medications available to treat anxiety disorders, but these are accompanied by problems such as addiction and withdrawal difficulties.

Together, this study suggests that OX2R in the NAc shell is involved in the regulation of acute stress-induced anxiety, and raises the possibility that OX2R antagonist may serve as an effective mean to treat anxiety disorders.

As a sizeable proportion of ASD reportedly have co‐morbid anxiety disorders that are linked with dysregulated arousal, we investigated if face emotion arousal cues influenced visual sensory sensitivity (indexed by temporal resolution) in ASD (n = 20) compared to a matched group of typically developed individuals (TD, n = 21).

Since a sizeable proportion of ASD individuals reportedly have co-morbid anxiety disorders that are linked with dysregulated arousal, we investigated if face-emotion arousal cues, influenced visual sensory sensitivity (indexed by temporal resolution) in an ASD group (n=20) compared to a matched group of typically-developed individuals (TD, n=21).

This emerging field identifies a glialbased mechanism for the systems-level consolidation of a fear memory and thus presents a novel potential target for the treatment of memory-related anxiety disorders, such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

In the present study we first conducted a meta-analysis of published clinical data and found that malondialdehyde, an oxidative stress biomarker, was significantly elevated in the blood of patients with fear-related anxiety disorders.

Current anxiety and depression were assessed using the General Anxiety Disorders Assessment and Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale.

This investigation collected sociodemographic information and used the Oldenburg Burnout Inventory (OLBI) to measure burnout, the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) to measure depression, and the General Anxiety Disorders (GAD-7) to measure generalized anxiety disorder.

Background: Paroxetine has been a commonly prescribed antidepressant for treatment of major depression and various anxiety disorders for almost 30 years due to its fewer side effects and toxicity compared with its counterparts.

However, exaggerated defensive responses to perceived threat are characteristic of various anxiety disorders, which are the most prevalent form of mental illness in the United States.

Excessive and uncontrollable worry is reliably observed across anxiety disorders, and it is most evident in generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), of which it is the cardinal symptom.

RSA reactivity has been examined across anxiety disorders and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), to better understand the psychophysiological stress response of these disorders.

In testing with Syrian refugee children in Lebanon, SCARED subscales had only moderate evidence of internal consistency and the total scores showed modest ability to discriminate between children with and without anxiety disorders.

without anxiety disorders, and particularly driven by individuals with generalized anxiety disorder.