Introduction to Air Excess

The catalysts were tested for the partial oxidation of methane under adiabatic conditions without inlet flow preheating at air excess factors, O2/(2·CH4), varying in the range 0.

In this study, the effects of hydrogen addition on the engine performance were investigated using spark ignition engine fueled gasoline with a compression ratio of 15 at an air excess ratio (λ) of 1.

Oxidation of H2S at atmospheric pressure has been studied under different reaction atmospheres, varying the air excess ratio (λ) from reducing (λ = 0.

The experiment was conducted to compare operating parameters of the test engine fueled by gasoline and CNG with the same air excess ratio (λ).

The effects of additional ballast matter, such as inert components of flue gases or air excess, which can be considered as an inert matter in calculation of the combustion product temperature, on nitrogen oxides formation are compared.

Comparison of the experimental results shows satisfactory agreement with numerical results (the maximum relative deviation of calculation and measurement temperatures are 10-45%), therefore the developed mathematical model could be used to analyse the effects of structural and parametric (fuel composition, power rate, air excess etc.

The simulation results are also used to provide the applied back pressure ceiling limits in terms of air excess ratio and exhaust valve temperature for the test engine.

Conclusions Fat redistribution in combination with shortening of levator muscle of the upper eyelid can not only repair excessively wide palpebral fissure complicated with ptosis and upper eyelid depression, but also enhance the exposure rate of the cornea and increase the cosmetic appearance, which is consistent with contemporary aesthetic perception.

This study investigated the effect of varying the spark advance timing and excess air ratio (air excessive ratio; λ) on the combustion and emission of nitrogen oxide (NOx) in a hydrogen-fueled spark ignition engine under part load conditions.

The high pressure behavior of the H2/NOx/O2 system has been tested over a wide range of temperatures (500–1100 K) and different air excess ratios (λ = 0.

The preliminary experiment showed that the lowest NOx emission was achieved when the air excess (ε) was equal to 2.

For the five biofuels, under tested conditions, a clear relation inversely proportional between air excess ratio and deposition ratio has been determined.

Revealed is the lack of basic solutions for increasing the system efficiency and economy; proposed is to use control system based on the air excess coefficient change.

An oxidizing temperature interval of 1123–1173 K maximized the regeneration, while an air excess higher than 20% would be recommended in order to guarantee oxygen uncoupling capability.

$\textbf{Purpose:}$ In order to reduce those backgrounds, we propose a new observable which only focuses on the back-to-back pairs, namely, the relative back-to-back opposite-sign (OS) over same-sign (SS) pair excess ($r_{_\text{BB}}$) as a function of the pair azimuthal orientation with respect to the RP ($\varphi_{_\text{BB}}$).

The plant improves the reliability of the existing systems of inspection and monitoring of the flame burning in the furnace of the boiler unit by simulating real processes and determining the air excess factor.

The process parameters were as follows: temperature - 930 °C, the air excess - 1.

An air reactor temperature of 1148 K and a high air excess ratio are suggested in order to promote the transfer of oxygen via the oxygen uncoupling mechanism, which would be preferable for the combustion of solid fuels.

The effects of the main operating conditions, such as ambient temperature, pressure ratio, air excess ratio, steam injection ratio and extracted steam pressure, on the power plant performances are analyzed taking into consideration the local environmental conditions.

In all the 80–100 hour experiments, the catalysts provided 90–96 % conversion at the flow rate of 32000–71000 h –1 , no coke formation being observed at the air excess coefficient of 0.

The height of the chimney, the wind velocity, the fuel nature, the air excess and the combustion temperature have an influence on the concentrations of pollutants and their dispersion.

Among the NOx produced NO represents the great majority while, under air excess conditions, the removal of NOx is necessarily catalytic and still challenging.