Introduction to Adjacent Vertebral

Intraosseous disc herniation –or Schmorl nodes (SN)– are a herniation or prolapse of the nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disc through the vertebral plate and into the adjacent vertebral body.

Characteristic MRI features included a hyperintense nucleus pulposus signal on T2-weighted (T2W) imaging (n = 10/14 [71%]) and short tau inversion recovery (STIR) imaging (n = 11/13 [85%]), with contrast enhancement in all (n = 11/11); involvement of adjacent vertebral endplates (n = 11/14 [79%]) and hyperintense neighbouring soft tissue on T2W (n = 11/14 [79%]) and STIR (n = 10/13 [77%]), with contrast enhancement in all (n = 11/11); and the presence of spondylosis deformans (n = 10/14 [71%]).

In order to understand the mechanism of adjacent vertebral fractures to prevent its happening, many scholars have carried out a lot of experiments and clinical studies by different research methods for years.

BackgroundIn 1927, Schmorl described a focal herniation of disc material into the adjacent vertebral body through a defect in the endplate, named as Schmorl’s node (SN).

Even though autogenous iliac bone grafting method is the gold standard one, it is associated with donor site morbidity, G-bone grafts are associated with variable fusion rate and osteophyte bone grafting alone is inadequate to fill the spacer or cage to bridge the adjacent vertebral end plates.

The clinical efficacy of the two approaches was evaluated by comparing perioperative outcomes (operation time, the volume of injected cement, X-ray exposure times and mean radiation dose), clinical outcomes (kyphotic angle reduction, restoration rate, visual analogue scale [VAS], Oswestry Disability Index [ODI] and SF-36), and operation-related complications (cement leakage and adjacent vertebral fracture).

Background: Discospondylitis is an infection of the intervertebral disc and adjacent vertebral endplates.

5 segments below the level of the adjacent vertebral body.

All patients, except for six with adjacent vertebral fractures, experienced significant pain reduction (VAS 8.

The unilateral PKP shows a higher risk of re-fracture of adjacent vertebral body compared with the bilateral PKP.

OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate the risk factors for adjacent vertebral compression fractures following lumbar spinal fusion with instrumentation.

However, the presence of the rib cage increased the strain around the site of compression fracture, thus increasing the possibilities of a refracture and fractures of adjacent vertebral bodies.

There were statistically significant differences in the MRI signs, such as lesions distribution, morphological changes, signal changes, vertebral attachments involvement, paravertebral masses, spinal canal compression, involvement of adjacent intervertebral discs and adjacent vertebral signal, between vertebral metastases fractures and osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures (P 0.

There were differences in cement leakage and adjacent vertebral fractures between the two groups.

Of these, 28 had adjacent vertebral fractures (refracture group) during the follow-up period, and 84 patients had no adjacent vertebral fractures (control group).

The problem with vertebroplasty is that the amount of cement injected is not accurate and leads to leakage into discs, which may develop into adjacent vertebral fractures.

We report a 17-year-old boy affected by NF1 with extreme severe spinal and thoracic malformations affecting bone and lung tissues, including hypoplasia of the right lung, unilateral costal agenesis and severe dystrophic scoliosis characterized by association of hemivertebra, fusion of adjacent vertebral bodies and defective pedicles.

While all the C2-7 cervical curvature, segmental Cobb angle and the height of adjacent vertebral body were lost at the 24-month follow-up, the significant difference was observed at the Zero-Profile group (P < 0.

Materials & Methods: In this retrospective study, all patients with definite diagnosis of spondylodiscitis (changing of intervertebral disc and adjacent vertebral MRI signal) hospitalized in Besat and Farshchian Hospitals of Hamadan between 2006 and 2015 (during 10 years) were enrolled by convenience sampling.

However, it is interesting to note that many ULDH patients have a radiographic feature of adjacent vertebral wedge deformation.

Adjacent vertebral refractures occurred in five patients (5/20) in the PKP group and in four patients (4/20) in the BFMC group, with no significant difference in the incidence rate of refractures in both groups but the material is too small to verify statistically.

We report a case of gout involved cervical disc and adjacent vertebral endplates whose etiology was initially not determined.

Summary of background data Adjacent segment disease (ASD) is spondylosis of adjacent vertebral segments after previous spinal fusion.

The major difficulties include potential high system payload and poor run-time efficiency resulting from high-resolution micro-CT data, highly complicated and variable shape of the vertebra tissues, and the ambiguous segmentation boundary due to the similarity of spongy structures inside both the endplate and its adjacent vertebral body.

Vertebroplasty has a low complication rate with most common complication being adjacent vertebral body fracture and rare complication due to extra-vertebral cement leakage causing nerve root compression or pulmonary embolism.

Moreover, the mechanical strength of PMMA-augmented vertebral bodies is extraordinary and this high level of mechanical strength might predispose to adjacent vertebral fractures.

Spondylodiscitis is an infection of the intervertebral disc with subsequent infection of the adjacent vertebral bodies.

Methods From January 2015 to August 2016, 34 elderly patients (25 males and 9 females) with adjacent vertebral diseases occurred after lumbar fusion.

X-ray examination of lateral and hyperextension-hyperflexion of cervical spine were performed to observe cervical spine angle, angular displacement and adjacent vertebral body slip.

The three-year follow-up showed that the re-fracture rate of adjacent vertebral body in the PVP group was significantly lower than that in the PKP group (0 vs.

Vertebral height loss, visual analogue scale (VAS) score, Oswestry disability index (ODI), adjacent vertebral fractures, and cement leakage were compared between the groups.

Among the 47 cases, 40 cases were continuous destruction of adjacent vertebral bodies, 6 cases showed non-adjacent damage; 37 cases of intervertebral disc involvement; 29 cases of narrowing of intervertebral space; 11 cases of paravertebral soft tissue swelling and 28 cases showed paravertebral abscess.

Conclusion For old thoracolumbar vertebral fracture combined with kyphosis, the modified posterior unilateral vertebral column resection through unilateral approach can not only achieve the bone fusion between the injured vertebra and the adjacent vertebral body, but also avoid the shortening of the spine, correcting kyphosis and relieving pain, with low incidence of complications.

Traumatic fractures tend to occur at the adjacent vertebral bodies to the fused ones as the biomechanical stress at the junctional site is far higher than at the center of the fused mass.

A 3D-printed plastic backplate is then affixed to the adjacent vertebral spines using tissue adhesive and dental cement.

After continuous observation and follow-up for 3 months, no complications such as adjacent vertebral fracture, infection, bone cement displacement were found.

METHODS We evaluated the association of SNVCFs (adjacent vertebral compression fractures [AVCFs] and remote vertebral compression fractures) with clinical, radiographic, and PVP procedure-related morphologic parameters based on the data collected from 402 patients over a minimum follow-up of 4 years after PVP.

OUTCOME MEASURES Four events of interest for Cox proportional hazard model included surgical treatment, recurrence of infection, subsequent fracture of adjacent vertebral bodies, and death.

OBJECTIVE Pyogenic spondylodiscitis (PS) is a non-specific infection affecting intervertebral disks and adjacent vertebral bodies.

BACKGROUND CONTEXT The incidence of adjacent vertebral fracture (AVFs) is reported to be 10%-38% after balloon kyphoplasty.

In children, extensive involvement with complete desctruction of many adjacent vertebral bodies may be seen.

The injectable time, volume, distribution (bone cement in the vertebra showing a whole mass without interruption or loss is known as type O while bone cement in the vertebra showing two masses with a small amount or none in the middle is known as type H) and leakage of bone cement during operation, visual analogue score(VAS), Oswestry disability index (ODI), height of anterior, middle and posterior columns of injured vertebrae and the incidence of adjacent vertebral fractures were compared between the two groups.

All the Type II cases were divided into 1 or 2 two subtypes according to whether the cement had reached the adjacent vertebral endplate.

With adequate exposure and detachment from adjacent vertebral bodies, soft discs can be, in most instances, separated from the theca with minimal cord manipulation.

Before surgery, manifestations of X-ray: of which 29 cases showed intervertebral space narrowing, the density increased, and the margins of the verbebral bodies destructed; of which 9 cases showed vertebral body bone sclerosing hyperplasia in the shape of a bird's beak, forming a bone bridge with the adjacent vertebral body margin.

RESULTS In 74 % of cases there was the presence of CS into both adjacent vertebral bodies.

Spondylolisthesis, in which one vertebral body translates anteriorly or posteriorly with respect to an adjacent vertebral body can also occur, exacerbating the spinal canal narrowing.

In addition, the leakage rate and the incidence of adjacent vertebral fractures after the HPDS treatment were reduced compared with those after treatment using the classic vertebroplasty devices.

05) and in the number of adjacent vertebral fractures between the 2 groups (P<0.

Solid bridging ossification may increase local spinal stability, but it also increases the risk of adjacent vertebral fractures.