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Moreover, it serves as a unique molecular pattern in the plant defense system against pathogenic fungi and parasites, and in the innate and adaptive immune response of mammals and humans.

We studied the effects of plant defense induction on the performance of the plant bug Lygus hesperus by caging nymphs on different food sources (bolls/squares) of Bt and non-Bt cotton which were either undamaged, damaged by Bt tolerant caterpillars, or treated with jasmonic acid (JA).

This reflects a strong evolutionary biotic potential against the selective power of plant defense.

Inoculations with this group of soil bacteria resulted in lower root nodule numbers than with other tested soil bacteria exerting weak inhibitory effects on nodulation, and were accompanied by the induction of plant defense-related genes.

Salicylic acid (SA) and root associated Pseudomonas fluorescens are known inducers of systemic resistance and influence plant defense responses including reprogramming of cellular mechanisms in response to biotic stress.

Multiple functions of GSNOR in plant development via NO-dependent and -independent signaling mechanisms and in plant defense responses to abiotic and biotic stress conditions have been uncovered.

, plant defense against pathogens).

Plant defense against pathogens includes a range of mechanisms, including, but not limited to, genetic resistance, pathogen‐antagonizing endophytes, and pathogen competitors.

Three genes predicted within the candidate Alt region were potentially involved in plant defense response, among which the gene encoding a coiled coil-nucleotide binding-leucine rich repeat (CC-NB-LRR) type disease resistance protein was the most promising.

The data obtained in this research indicate that OsRIP1 can play a role in plant defense against herbivorous insects.